Course Content
Microscopes and Microscopy
MICROSCOPES AND MICROSCOPY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Name various types of microscopes. 2.State the function of parts of a microscope. 3.Describe the use of compound light microscopes describe care and maintenance of compound microscopes. 4.Describe preparation of microscope slides
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The Cell
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define and explain meaning of terms. 2.State types of cells. 3.Describe the cell structure under the light microscope. 4.State the functions of cell organelles. 5.Describe the process of mitosis and meiosis. 6.Describe physiological processes of cells. 7.describe the techniques of cell isolation. 8.Describe the procedure of temporary cell preparation.
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Microorganisms
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Classify the major groups of microorganisms. 2.State the general characteristics of each group. 3.Explain their mode of nutrition and reproduction. 4.Describe culture media. 5.Describe culturing techniques for bacteria. 6.Describe methods for determining bacteria population. 7.Describe sterilization and disinfection techniques.
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Immunological Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms. 2.Describe types of immunity. 3.Describe types of immune cells. 4.Describe the lymphoid organs and tissues. 5.Describe serological and immunological techniques.
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Herbarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving herbarium specimens 3.Describe sources of herbarium specimens 4.Describe collection of herbarium specimens 5.Describe preservation of herbarium specimens 6.Describe display of herbarium specimens
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Museum Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving museum specimens. 3.Describe sources of museum specimens. 4.Describe collection of museum specimens. 5.Describe preservation of museum specimens. 6.Describe display of museum specimens
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Vivarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of vivarium. 3.Describe essential features of a vivarium. 4.Describe construction of a vivarium. 5.Describe maintenance of a vivarium.
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Aquarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of aquariums. 3.Describe essential features of an aquarium tank. 4.Describe construction of an aquarium tank. 5.Describe maintenance of an aquarium tank.
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Laboratory Animals
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to give a better understanding of the technical requirements regarding handling, care and maintained of various laboratory animals In this chapter, we will; 1. Identify the various types of laboratory animals. 2.Discuss the general care and handling of laboratory animals. 3. Describe the various methods of restraining and humane killing laboratory animals 4.Discuss care of specific disease free (SPF)and Gnotobiotic animals
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Introduction to Ecology
OBJECTIVE By the end of this module, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe biotic and abiotic factors. 3.Explain adaptation of organisms to terrestrial and aquatic environment. 4.Describe the energy flow in ecosystem. 5.Explain estimation of population in ecosystem. 6.Describe influence of human activities on environment. 7.Describe basic biogeochemical cycles.
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Plant Anatomy and Physiology
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Describe of plant parts and tissues. 2.Describe functions of various plant tissues. 3.Describe processes in plants .
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Biology Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
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Mitosis

Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) and is responsible for growth, development, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in some organisms. It results in the production of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

The process of mitosis can be divided into several distinct stages:

  1. Prophase: In prophase, chromatin (the loosely packed form of DNA) condenses into visible chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the nucleolus disappears. The mitotic spindle, composed of microtubules, begins to form and extends between two structures called centrosomes, which move to opposite ends of the cell.

  2. Prometaphase: During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope completely disintegrates, allowing the spindle fibers to interact with the condensed chromosomes. Each chromosome has a protein structure called a kinetochore that forms at the centromere region. The kinetochore attaches to the spindle fibers, which will later facilitate the movement of chromosomes.

  3. Metaphase: During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the equatorial plane or the metaphase plate, which is located at the center of the cell. The chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers via their kinetochores. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive an equal and complete set of chromosomes.

  4. Anaphase: In anaphase, the sister chromatids, which are the replicated copies of each chromosome held together at the centromere, separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibers shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart. Once separated, each chromatid is considered an individual chromosome.

  5. Telophase: Telophase marks the final stage of mitosis. The separated chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and begin to decondense, reverting to their chromatin form. The nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes at each pole, and the nucleolus reappears. Meanwhile, the mitotic spindle disassembles, and cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, initiates.

  6. Cytokinesis: Cytokinesis is the process of dividing the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. In animal cells, a contractile ring composed of actin and myosin filaments forms at the equator of the cell. It contracts, creating a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, a cell plate forms at the equator, gradually expanding until it fuses with the cell walls, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.

The end result of mitosis is the production of two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This ensures the distribution of genetic material and allows for growth, tissue repair, and the maintenance of a constant chromosome number in somatic cells.

 Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis is the type of cell division that occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sperm and eggs).

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