Course Content
Microscopes and Microscopy
MICROSCOPES AND MICROSCOPY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Name various types of microscopes. 2.State the function of parts of a microscope. 3.Describe the use of compound light microscopes describe care and maintenance of compound microscopes. 4.Describe preparation of microscope slides
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Introduction to Microscopes and Microscopy Techniques
Types of Microscopes
The Optical(Light) Microscope
Magnifications and Resolving Power of Microscopes
Use and Care of Microscopes
The Cell
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define and explain meaning of terms. 2.State types of cells. 3.Describe the cell structure under the light microscope. 4.State the functions of cell organelles. 5.Describe the process of mitosis and meiosis. 6.Describe physiological processes of cells. 7.describe the techniques of cell isolation. 8.Describe the procedure of temporary cell preparation.
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INTRODUCTION
The Cell Structure
The Cell Functions
Cell Division
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
Similarities and Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
Microscope Slides
Microscope Slides Preparartion
Tissue Preparation For Microscpy
Microorganisms
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Classify the major groups of microorganisms. 2.State the general characteristics of each group. 3.Explain their mode of nutrition and reproduction. 4.Describe culture media. 5.Describe culturing techniques for bacteria. 6.Describe methods for determining bacteria population. 7.Describe sterilization and disinfection techniques.
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INTRODUCTION
Classification of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Classification of Bacteria
Nutrition in Bacteria
Reproduction in Bacteria
Economic Importance of Bacteria
Fungi
Classification of Fungi
Nutrition in Fungi
Reproduction In Fungi
Economic Importance of Fungi
Virus
Classification of Virus
Reproduction in Virus
Economic Importance of Virus
Culture Media
Preparation of Culture Media
Culture Methods
Culture Techniques
Microbiological Stains and Staining Techniques
Microbiological Staining Techniques
Sterilization
Chemicals of Life
THE CHEMICALS OF LIFE OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain meaning of terms. 2.Describe chemical substances found in living organisms. 3.Describe the functions of substances found in living organisms. 4.Describe enzymes. 5.Carry out food tests.
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INTRODUCTION
Carbohydrates
Structural composition of Carbohydrates
Chemical Tests for Carbohydrates
Lipids
Structural composition of Lipids
Saturated and Unsaturated fats
Tests for Lipids
Proteins
Structural composition of Proteins
Protein Denaturation
Properties of Proteins
Test for Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Vitamins
Enzymes
Classification of Enzymes
Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activities
Enzyme Inhibition
Immunological Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms. 2.Describe types of immunity. 3.Describe types of immune cells. 4.Describe the lymphoid organs and tissues. 5.Describe serological and immunological techniques.
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INTRODUCTION
Types of Immunity
Lymphocytes and Lymphatic System
The White Blood Cells  (Leucocytes )
Lymphoid Organs ,Tissues and Immune Cells
Immunoglobulins
Antigens
Immunological Techniques
Herbarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving herbarium specimens 3.Describe sources of herbarium specimens 4.Describe collection of herbarium specimens 5.Describe preservation of herbarium specimens 6.Describe display of herbarium specimens
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Introduction
Collection of Plant Specimens
Collecting techniques
Preservation Techniques
Processing of Specimens
Storage of Specimens
Pests In The Herbarium
Green House and Botanical Garden
Museum Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving museum specimens. 3.Describe sources of museum specimens. 4.Describe collection of museum specimens. 5.Describe preservation of museum specimens. 6.Describe display of museum specimens
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INTRODUCTION
Collection of Museum Specimens
Preservation of Museum Specimens
Preservation of other animals specimens
Labeling of museum specimens
Vivarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of vivarium. 3.Describe essential features of a vivarium. 4.Describe construction of a vivarium. 5.Describe maintenance of a vivarium.
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Introduction
Setting Up A vivarium
Ecological Requirements
Care and Handling
Aquarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of aquariums. 3.Describe essential features of an aquarium tank. 4.Describe construction of an aquarium tank. 5.Describe maintenance of an aquarium tank.
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Introduction
Setting up an Aquarium
Basic Physical and Ecological requirements
Feeding and General care of Aquarium
Laboratory Animals
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to give a better understanding of the technical requirements regarding handling, care and maintained of various laboratory animals In this chapter, we will; 1. Identify the various types of laboratory animals. 2.Discuss the general care and handling of laboratory animals. 3. Describe the various methods of restraining and humane killing laboratory animals 4.Discuss care of specific disease free (SPF)and Gnotobiotic animals
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Introduction
General Care of Laboratory Animals
Laboratory Animal House
Feeding of Laboratory Animals
Disease and Disease control in Laboratory animals
Sexing of Laboratory Animals
Identification of Laboratory Animals
Dosing of Laboratory animals
Drawing blood from Lab animals
Administering anesthesia to laboratory animals
Humane Killing of Laboratory Animals
Dissecting Laboratory Animals
Conventional and Specific Pathogen free animals
Gnotobiotic Animals
Introduction to Ecology
OBJECTIVE By the end of this module, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe biotic and abiotic factors. 3.Explain adaptation of organisms to terrestrial and aquatic environment. 4.Describe the energy flow in ecosystem. 5.Explain estimation of population in ecosystem. 6.Describe influence of human activities on environment. 7.Describe basic biogeochemical cycles.
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Introduction
The Biosphere and Biomes
The Ecosystem
Energy Flow
Estimation of Population size
Nutrient Flow in Ecosystem
Water cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Sulfur Cycle
Phosphorous Cycle
Ecological succession
Plant Anatomy and Physiology
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Describe of plant parts and tissues. 2.Describe functions of various plant tissues. 3.Describe processes in plants .
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INTRODUCTION
Plant Vascular Tissues
Plant Leaf Structure
Transport of substances into and out of the leaf 
Nutrition in Plants
Transpiration in Plants
Translocation in plants
Reproduction in Plants
Excretion in Plants
Animal Anatomy and Physiology
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Describe of animal parts and tissues. 2.Describe functions of various animal tissues and organs. 3.Describe physiological processes in animals .
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Nutrition In Animals
Types of Nutrition  in Animals
Digestion in Humans
Digestion in Ruminants
Respiration in Animals
Modes of Gaseous Exchange in Animals
Mammalian Respiratory System
Excretion in Animals
Excretion in Higher Animals
Excretory System in Man:
Transport In Animals
Circulatory systems in animals
Human circulatory systems 
The cardiac cycle 
The Blood Vessels
Lymphatic circulatory system
Cardiovascular diseases 
Support and Locomotion system in Animals
Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton
Human Skeleton
The Bones 
Musculoskeletal tissues 
The Nervous System
The Nerve Tissue
Organization of the Nervous System
Reproductive system in Animals
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
The Endocrine System
Endocrine Glands & Their Hormones
Biology Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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Cell Division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It is a fundamental process in the life cycle of cells and is crucial for growth, development, tissue repair, and reproduction. There are two primary types of cell division:

  1. Mitosis: Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) and results in the production of two identical daughter cells. It is responsible for growth and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. Mitosis consists of several stages:

    • Interphase: The cell prepares for division by undergoing growth, DNA replication, and synthesis of cellular components.

    • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms.

    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane (metaphase plate) of the cell.

    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.

    • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the cell begins to divide.

    • Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, leading to the formation of two daughter cells.

  2. Meiosis: Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that occurs in germ cells (cells involved in sexual reproduction) to produce gametes (sperm and eggs). Meiosis involves two rounds of division, resulting in the production of four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis is important for genetic diversity and ensures the correct number of chromosomes in offspring.

    • Meiosis I: The first round of division involves the separation of homologous chromosomes, resulting in two haploid cells.

    • Meiosis II: The second round of division separates sister chromatids, resulting in the formation of four haploid daughter cells.

Cell division is tightly regulated to ensure accurate distribution of genetic material and proper formation of daughter cells. It involves the coordination of various cellular processes, such as DNA replication, chromosome condensation, spindle formation, and cytokinesis. Mistakes in cell division can lead to genetic abnormalities, developmental disorders, or diseases such as cancer.

Additionally, cell division is regulated by various signaling pathways and checkpoints that monitor DNA integrity, cell size, and environmental conditions. These checkpoints ensure that cells proceed through the cell cycle and divide only when conditions are favorable and DNA is undamaged.

Overall, cell division is a critical process that allows organisms to grow, develop, and maintain their tissues. It plays a central role in maintaining the structure and function of living organisms.

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