Course Content
Microscopes and Microscopy
MICROSCOPES AND MICROSCOPY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Name various types of microscopes. 2.State the function of parts of a microscope. 3.Describe the use of compound light microscopes describe care and maintenance of compound microscopes. 4.Describe preparation of microscope slides
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The Cell
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define and explain meaning of terms. 2.State types of cells. 3.Describe the cell structure under the light microscope. 4.State the functions of cell organelles. 5.Describe the process of mitosis and meiosis. 6.Describe physiological processes of cells. 7.describe the techniques of cell isolation. 8.Describe the procedure of temporary cell preparation.
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Microorganisms
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Classify the major groups of microorganisms. 2.State the general characteristics of each group. 3.Explain their mode of nutrition and reproduction. 4.Describe culture media. 5.Describe culturing techniques for bacteria. 6.Describe methods for determining bacteria population. 7.Describe sterilization and disinfection techniques.
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Immunological Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms. 2.Describe types of immunity. 3.Describe types of immune cells. 4.Describe the lymphoid organs and tissues. 5.Describe serological and immunological techniques.
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Herbarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving herbarium specimens 3.Describe sources of herbarium specimens 4.Describe collection of herbarium specimens 5.Describe preservation of herbarium specimens 6.Describe display of herbarium specimens
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Museum Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving museum specimens. 3.Describe sources of museum specimens. 4.Describe collection of museum specimens. 5.Describe preservation of museum specimens. 6.Describe display of museum specimens
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Vivarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of vivarium. 3.Describe essential features of a vivarium. 4.Describe construction of a vivarium. 5.Describe maintenance of a vivarium.
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Aquarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of aquariums. 3.Describe essential features of an aquarium tank. 4.Describe construction of an aquarium tank. 5.Describe maintenance of an aquarium tank.
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Laboratory Animals
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to give a better understanding of the technical requirements regarding handling, care and maintained of various laboratory animals In this chapter, we will; 1. Identify the various types of laboratory animals. 2.Discuss the general care and handling of laboratory animals. 3. Describe the various methods of restraining and humane killing laboratory animals 4.Discuss care of specific disease free (SPF)and Gnotobiotic animals
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Introduction to Ecology
OBJECTIVE By the end of this module, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe biotic and abiotic factors. 3.Explain adaptation of organisms to terrestrial and aquatic environment. 4.Describe the energy flow in ecosystem. 5.Explain estimation of population in ecosystem. 6.Describe influence of human activities on environment. 7.Describe basic biogeochemical cycles.
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Plant Anatomy and Physiology
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Describe of plant parts and tissues. 2.Describe functions of various plant tissues. 3.Describe processes in plants .
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Biology Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
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Meiosis

Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that occurs in germ cells (cells involved in sexual reproduction) to produce haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It involves two rounds of division, known as meiosis I and meiosis II, resulting in the formation of four non-identical daughter cells.

Here is a summary of the stages of meiosis:

Meiosis I:

  1. Prophase I: This is the longest phase of meiosis. Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and homologous chromosomes come together to form pairs, a process known as synapsis. Each pair of homologous chromosomes aligns and forms a structure called a tetrad. Crossing over can occur during this stage, where genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.

  2. Metaphase I: Tetrads align at the equatorial plane of the cell. The orientation of each pair of homologous chromosomes is random, which further contributes to genetic variation.

  3. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell. Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

  4. Telophase I: Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, and the nuclear envelope may reform around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then follows, dividing the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.

Meiosis II: 5. Prophase II: The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle apparatus forms. Each daughter cell from meiosis I now contains half the number of chromosomes but still consists of sister chromatids.

  1. Metaphase II: Sister chromatids align at the equatorial plane of each daughter cell.

  2. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cells.

  3. Telophase II: Chromosomes reach the poles, and the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.

  4. Cytokinesis II: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in the formation of four non-identical haploid daughter cells.

The four daughter cells produced at the end of meiosis are genetically distinct from each other and from the parent cell. Meiosis generates genetic diversity through the random assortment of chromosomes during metaphase I and the exchange of genetic material through crossing over during prophase I.

The haploid daughter cells, which contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, can later fuse with another haploid cell during fertilization to restore the diploid chromosome number in the resulting zygote.

Meiosis plays a crucial role in sexual reproduction by ensuring the production of gametes with genetic diversity. It allows for the shuffling and recombination of genetic material, contributing to the variation observed in offspring.

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