Course Content
Microscopes and Microscopy
MICROSCOPES AND MICROSCOPY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Name various types of microscopes. 2.State the function of parts of a microscope. 3.Describe the use of compound light microscopes describe care and maintenance of compound microscopes. 4.Describe preparation of microscope slides
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Introduction to Microscopes and Microscopy Techniques
Types of Microscopes
The Optical(Light) Microscope
Magnifications and Resolving Power of Microscopes
Use and Care of Microscopes
The Cell
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define and explain meaning of terms. 2.State types of cells. 3.Describe the cell structure under the light microscope. 4.State the functions of cell organelles. 5.Describe the process of mitosis and meiosis. 6.Describe physiological processes of cells. 7.describe the techniques of cell isolation. 8.Describe the procedure of temporary cell preparation.
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INTRODUCTION
The Cell Structure
The Cell Functions
Cell Division
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
Similarities and Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
Microscope Slides
Microscope Slides Preparartion
Tissue Preparation For Microscpy
Microorganisms
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Classify the major groups of microorganisms. 2.State the general characteristics of each group. 3.Explain their mode of nutrition and reproduction. 4.Describe culture media. 5.Describe culturing techniques for bacteria. 6.Describe methods for determining bacteria population. 7.Describe sterilization and disinfection techniques.
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INTRODUCTION
Classification of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Classification of Bacteria
Nutrition in Bacteria
Reproduction in Bacteria
Economic Importance of Bacteria
Fungi
Classification of Fungi
Nutrition in Fungi
Reproduction In Fungi
Economic Importance of Fungi
Virus
Classification of Virus
Reproduction in Virus
Economic Importance of Virus
Culture Media
Preparation of Culture Media
Culture Methods
Culture Techniques
Microbiological Stains and Staining Techniques
Microbiological Staining Techniques
Sterilization
Chemicals of Life
THE CHEMICALS OF LIFE OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain meaning of terms. 2.Describe chemical substances found in living organisms. 3.Describe the functions of substances found in living organisms. 4.Describe enzymes. 5.Carry out food tests.
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INTRODUCTION
Carbohydrates
Structural composition of Carbohydrates
Chemical Tests for Carbohydrates
Lipids
Structural composition of Lipids
Saturated and Unsaturated fats
Tests for Lipids
Proteins
Structural composition of Proteins
Protein Denaturation
Properties of Proteins
Test for Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Vitamins
Enzymes
Classification of Enzymes
Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activities
Enzyme Inhibition
Immunological Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms. 2.Describe types of immunity. 3.Describe types of immune cells. 4.Describe the lymphoid organs and tissues. 5.Describe serological and immunological techniques.
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INTRODUCTION
Types of Immunity
Lymphocytes and Lymphatic System
The White Blood Cells  (Leucocytes )
Lymphoid Organs ,Tissues and Immune Cells
Immunoglobulins
Antigens
Immunological Techniques
Herbarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving herbarium specimens 3.Describe sources of herbarium specimens 4.Describe collection of herbarium specimens 5.Describe preservation of herbarium specimens 6.Describe display of herbarium specimens
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Introduction
Collection of Plant Specimens
Collecting techniques
Preservation Techniques
Processing of Specimens
Storage of Specimens
Pests In The Herbarium
Green House and Botanical Garden
Museum Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving museum specimens. 3.Describe sources of museum specimens. 4.Describe collection of museum specimens. 5.Describe preservation of museum specimens. 6.Describe display of museum specimens
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INTRODUCTION
Collection of Museum Specimens
Preservation of Museum Specimens
Preservation of other animals specimens
Labeling of museum specimens
Vivarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of vivarium. 3.Describe essential features of a vivarium. 4.Describe construction of a vivarium. 5.Describe maintenance of a vivarium.
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Introduction
Setting Up A vivarium
Ecological Requirements
Care and Handling
Aquarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of aquariums. 3.Describe essential features of an aquarium tank. 4.Describe construction of an aquarium tank. 5.Describe maintenance of an aquarium tank.
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Introduction
Setting up an Aquarium
Basic Physical and Ecological requirements
Feeding and General care of Aquarium
Laboratory Animals
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to give a better understanding of the technical requirements regarding handling, care and maintained of various laboratory animals In this chapter, we will; 1. Identify the various types of laboratory animals. 2.Discuss the general care and handling of laboratory animals. 3. Describe the various methods of restraining and humane killing laboratory animals 4.Discuss care of specific disease free (SPF)and Gnotobiotic animals
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Introduction
General Care of Laboratory Animals
Laboratory Animal House
Feeding of Laboratory Animals
Disease and Disease control in Laboratory animals
Sexing of Laboratory Animals
Identification of Laboratory Animals
Dosing of Laboratory animals
Drawing blood from Lab animals
Administering anesthesia to laboratory animals
Humane Killing of Laboratory Animals
Dissecting Laboratory Animals
Conventional and Specific Pathogen free animals
Gnotobiotic Animals
Introduction to Ecology
OBJECTIVE By the end of this module, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe biotic and abiotic factors. 3.Explain adaptation of organisms to terrestrial and aquatic environment. 4.Describe the energy flow in ecosystem. 5.Explain estimation of population in ecosystem. 6.Describe influence of human activities on environment. 7.Describe basic biogeochemical cycles.
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Introduction
The Biosphere and Biomes
The Ecosystem
Energy Flow
Estimation of Population size
Nutrient Flow in Ecosystem
Water cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Sulfur Cycle
Phosphorous Cycle
Ecological succession
Plant Anatomy and Physiology
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Describe of plant parts and tissues. 2.Describe functions of various plant tissues. 3.Describe processes in plants .
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INTRODUCTION
Plant Vascular Tissues
Plant Leaf Structure
Transport of substances into and out of the leaf 
Nutrition in Plants
Transpiration in Plants
Translocation in plants
Reproduction in Plants
Excretion in Plants
Animal Anatomy and Physiology
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Describe of animal parts and tissues. 2.Describe functions of various animal tissues and organs. 3.Describe physiological processes in animals .
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Nutrition In Animals
Types of Nutrition  in Animals
Digestion in Humans
Digestion in Ruminants
Respiration in Animals
Modes of Gaseous Exchange in Animals
Mammalian Respiratory System
Excretion in Animals
Excretion in Higher Animals
Excretory System in Man:
Transport In Animals
Circulatory systems in animals
Human circulatory systems 
The cardiac cycle 
The Blood Vessels
Lymphatic circulatory system
Cardiovascular diseases 
Support and Locomotion system in Animals
Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton
Human Skeleton
The Bones 
Musculoskeletal tissues 
The Nervous System
The Nerve Tissue
Organization of the Nervous System
Reproductive system in Animals
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
The Endocrine System
Endocrine Glands & Their Hormones
Biology Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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Cardiovascular diseases 

Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart or blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). Cardiovascular diseases are the biggest cause of deaths worldwide, and the incidence of these diseases is rising rapidly in countries like South Africa. Cardiovascular diseases can be avoided through improvements in eating habits and through regular exercise. In this section we will study the causes of heart attacks and strokes as well as how these may be treated. We will also study the causes of high and low blood pressure and how these have an effect on our well-being. We will finally discuss the types of treatments that are available such as stents, valve replacements, bypass surgery, pacemakers and heart transplants.

Heart attack 

This is also referred to as a myocardial infarction. Heart muscles are provided with oxygenated blood by a system of coronary arteries. Blocked flow of blood can cause the death of cardiac muscle due to lack of oxygen. Arteries get blocked as a result of the gradual build-up of lipids and cholesterol, which form a plaque. This condition of plaque build up in the arteries is referred to as atherosclerosis. When a plaque bursts, it causes blood to clot at the site of the rupture and obstructs the artery. Often there are no symptoms of atherosclerosis. However, some people who have narrowed coronary arteries experience chest pain, (angina), when blood flow to the heart is insufficient.

Normal arteries have a wide diameter through which blood can easily flow. 2. Plaque forms on the walls of the artery, narrowing the lumen. 3. When the plaques bursts, platelets form a blood clot at the site of rupture, which can obstruct the artery.

Heart attack: the blood clot blocks the coronary arteries and cardiac muscle dies from lack of oxygen.

Hypertension

As previously mentioned blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries. Normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100–140 mm Hgmm Hg systolic (top reading) and 60–90 mm Hgmm Hg (bottom reading). High blood pressure (hypertension) is said to be present if it is persistently at or above 140/90 mm Hgmm Hg. Hypertension is a major risk factor for strokes, heart attacks and bursting of blood vessels (aneurysms). Hypertension is essentially caused by a resistance to blood flow in blood vessels.

The instrument used to measure blood pressure is a sphygmomanometer.

Hypotension 

Hypotension refers to abnormally low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. A patient is considered hypotensive if he/she has a systolic blood pressure less than 90 millimetres of mercury (mm Hgmm Hg) or diastolic pressure being less than 60 mm Hgmm Hg. If the blood pressure is sufficiently low, fainting and often seizures will occur. Severely low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock.

Stroke 

A stroke results when a clot, burst artery or blood vessel interrupts flow of blood to the brain, resulting in glucose and oxygen not reaching the brain. This causes impairment in speech, movement and memory. Larger strokes can result in paralysis or death.

Aneurysm 

An aneurysm is a localised blood-filled bubble in an artery wall. These bubbles form due to a weakness in the blood vessel wall and can grow quite large. Aneurysms can occur in many places in the body, including the brain, abdomen or aorta. When aneurysms burst, they result in massive internal blood loss and death.

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