Course Content
Microscopes and Microscopy
MICROSCOPES AND MICROSCOPY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Name various types of microscopes. 2.State the function of parts of a microscope. 3.Describe the use of compound light microscopes describe care and maintenance of compound microscopes. 4.Describe preparation of microscope slides
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The Cell
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define and explain meaning of terms. 2.State types of cells. 3.Describe the cell structure under the light microscope. 4.State the functions of cell organelles. 5.Describe the process of mitosis and meiosis. 6.Describe physiological processes of cells. 7.describe the techniques of cell isolation. 8.Describe the procedure of temporary cell preparation.
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Microorganisms
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Classify the major groups of microorganisms. 2.State the general characteristics of each group. 3.Explain their mode of nutrition and reproduction. 4.Describe culture media. 5.Describe culturing techniques for bacteria. 6.Describe methods for determining bacteria population. 7.Describe sterilization and disinfection techniques.
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Immunological Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms. 2.Describe types of immunity. 3.Describe types of immune cells. 4.Describe the lymphoid organs and tissues. 5.Describe serological and immunological techniques.
0/8
Herbarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving herbarium specimens 3.Describe sources of herbarium specimens 4.Describe collection of herbarium specimens 5.Describe preservation of herbarium specimens 6.Describe display of herbarium specimens
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Museum Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of collecting and preserving museum specimens. 3.Describe sources of museum specimens. 4.Describe collection of museum specimens. 5.Describe preservation of museum specimens. 6.Describe display of museum specimens
0/5
Vivarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of vivarium. 3.Describe essential features of a vivarium. 4.Describe construction of a vivarium. 5.Describe maintenance of a vivarium.
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Aquarium Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe importance of aquariums. 3.Describe essential features of an aquarium tank. 4.Describe construction of an aquarium tank. 5.Describe maintenance of an aquarium tank.
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Laboratory Animals
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to give a better understanding of the technical requirements regarding handling, care and maintained of various laboratory animals In this chapter, we will; 1. Identify the various types of laboratory animals. 2.Discuss the general care and handling of laboratory animals. 3. Describe the various methods of restraining and humane killing laboratory animals 4.Discuss care of specific disease free (SPF)and Gnotobiotic animals
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Introduction to Ecology
OBJECTIVE By the end of this module, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain terms. 2.Describe biotic and abiotic factors. 3.Explain adaptation of organisms to terrestrial and aquatic environment. 4.Describe the energy flow in ecosystem. 5.Explain estimation of population in ecosystem. 6.Describe influence of human activities on environment. 7.Describe basic biogeochemical cycles.
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Plant Anatomy and Physiology
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Describe of plant parts and tissues. 2.Describe functions of various plant tissues. 3.Describe processes in plants .
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Biology Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
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VITAMINS 

Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for the normal functioning and growth of the human body. They are required in small amounts and cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body, so they must be obtained from the diet or through supplementation. Vitamins play a crucial role in various physiological processes and are classified into two categories:

  1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins:

  • Fat-soluble vitamins are soluble in lipids and are absorbed along with dietary fats in the small intestine. They are stored in the body’s fatty tissues and the liver, and excess amounts can accumulate over time.
  • There are four fat-soluble vitamins: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K.
  • Sources of fat-soluble vitamins include animal products, dairy, eggs, certain plant oils, and green leafy vegetables.
  • Functions of fat-soluble vitamins include vision (vitamin A), calcium absorption and bone health (vitamin D), antioxidant activity (vitamin E), and blood clotting (vitamin K).
  1. Water-Soluble Vitamins:

  • Water-soluble vitamins are soluble in water and are not stored in the body to a significant extent. They are easily excreted through urine, so regular intake is necessary to maintain adequate levels.
  • There are nine water-soluble vitamins: vitamin C and the eight B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, biotin, folate, and vitamin B12).
  • Sources of water-soluble vitamins include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, meat, dairy, and fortified foods.
  • Functions of water-soluble vitamins include energy production (B vitamins), collagen synthesis and antioxidant activity (vitamin C), and red blood cell formation and nerve function (vitamin B12).

Vitamins are essential for various bodily functions, including metabolism, cell function, immune system support, and the maintenance of healthy skin, eyes, and other tissues. Each vitamin has specific roles and functions in the body, and deficiencies or excesses can lead to health problems. It is important to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods to ensure an adequate intake of vitamins. 

Vitamin

Role

Food sources

Deficiency disease

Vitamin A

Needed for proper functioning of eyes

liver, carrots, egg

night blindness

Vitamin B (A group of vitamins with related functions)

Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid and alcohol metabolism; neurotransmitter synthesis and nerve function; red blood cell production

grains, potatoes, bananas

B1- beriberi, B3- pellagra, B6, B9, B12- anaemia

Vitamin C

Involved in iron metabolism; plays a role in the immune system; helps with the formation of collagen for wound repair

citrus fruit (oranges, lemons etc), tomatoes

scurvy (results in bleeding gums)

Vitamin D

Important in absorption of minerals from the gut (such as calcium and phosphate); works together with calcium and phosphorus in bone / teeth hardening

full cream milk, oily fish

rickets (resulting in soft bones, with bowed legs and widened wrists)

Vitamin E

Acts as an anti-oxidant

margarine, soybean oil, fortified cereals, cow’s milk, cheese, orange juice

depressed immune system, anaemia, poor nerve conduction

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