Course Content
Properties of Matter
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain the three states of matter. 2.Explain phenomenon of surface tension. 3.Explain gas laws.
0/3
Introduction
States Of Matter
Gas Laws
Measurement
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.State the basic and derived quantities of measurements 2.Describe quantities of measurements 3.State the SI units of quantities of measurements and their sub-multipliers 4.Convert units from one to another
0/4
Introduction
Measurement of Length and Distance
  Measurement of Mass and weight
 Measurement of Volume and Density
Pressure
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define pressure 2.Determine pressure in solids and fluids 3.Explain the type of instruments used in measurement of pressure of gases 4.Explain transmission of presure in liquids
0/2
Introduction
Measuring Pressure
Force
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define force and its SI units 2.Explain types of force 3.Measure force 4.Work out calculations involving force 5.Explain Hooke’s law
0/3
Force
Friction Force
Centrifugal and Centripetal Force
Hooke’s Law
Hooke's Law  is a law named after 17th century British physicist Robert Hooke, who sought to demonstrate the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and its elasticity.
0/1
Hooke’s Law
Moments
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define moments of a force 2.Explain principles of moments 3.Explain statics , dynamics and kinematics
0/1
Moments
Velocity and Speed
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define speed and velocity 2.Explain types of motion 3.Determine Linear Determine Circular Motion
0/1
Velocity and Speed
Work and Power
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define work and power 2.Work out calculations involving work and power
0/1
Work and Power
Energy
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define energy 2.Explain forms of energy 3.Explain law of conservation of energy
0/1
Energy
Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define motion 2.Explain causes of motion 3.Explain types of motion 4.Describe linear and circular motion
0/3
Introduction
Linear Motion 
Circular Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.State Newton’s laws of motion 2.Explain relationships between mass and inertia 3.Explain significance of Newton’s laws of motion
0/1
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Heat and Heat Transfer
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Define temperature and heat 2.Describe instruments used to measure temperature 3.Explain modes of heat transfer 4.Explain factors that influence heat transfer 5.Explain heat capacity, specific heat capacity and specific latent heat of substances 6. Work out calorimetric calculations
0/5
Introduction
Instruments Used For Measuring Temperature  
Heat Transfer
Measuring The Quantity Of Heat
Heat and Changes of State
Light
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define light and its properties 2.Explain types of mirrors and lenses 3.Explain reflection and refraction of light 4. Explain the lens formulae
0/10
Introduction
Mirrors
Reflection 
Mirror Equation
Image Formation By Convex Mirror
Refraction Of Light
 Refractive index
Thin Lenses
The lens formula
 Uses of lenses on optical devices
WAVES
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1. Define waves 2.Explain types of waves 3.Explain characteristics and properties of waves 4.Explain rectilinear propagation of waves 5.Describe refraction of waves 6.Describe sound and sound waves
0/6
Introduction
Electromagnetic Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
Properties of Waves
Rectilinear Propagation Of Waves
Sound and Sound Waves
Electrostatics
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define electrostatics 2. Describe the working of electroscopes 3.Describe different methods of charging a body 4.Explain electric fields 5.Describe charge distribution on conductors’ surface 6. Describe capacitors and capacitance
0/5
Introduction
Gold Leaf Electroscope
Electric Fields
Charge Distribution on Conductors’ Surface
Capacitors And Capacitance
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetism 2.Identify magnetic and non- magnetic materials 3.Explain properties of magnets 4.Describe magnetic field patterns 5.Describe making magnets 6.Explain domain theory of magnets 7.Describe magnetic effect of an electric current. 8. Describe electromagnets and electromagnetism 9.Describe electromagnetic induction
0/6
Introduction
Magnetic Field Patterns.
Making Magnets
Magnetic Effect of An Electric Current.
Electromagnetism 
Electromagnetic Induction
Current Electricity
CURRENT ELECTRICITY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainer should be able to: 1. Define current and electricity 2.Electric potential difference 3.Explain use of a meters, voltmeters and resistors 4.Explain ohm’s law 5. Explain Electromotive force and internal resistance 6.Describe production of electric current 7.Describe simple cells, Leclanche’ cell, dry cells and lea-acid accumulators 8.Describe mains electricity 9.Describe domestic wiring
0/6
Introduction
Electric Potential Difference And Electric Current
Resistors and Resistance
Production Of Electric Current:
Heating Effect Of An Electric Current
Mains Electricity
Electromagnetic Spectrum
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetic spectrum 2. Explain properties of electromagnetic waves 3. Describe applications of electromagnetic radiation
0/2
Introduction
Properties and Application of Electromagnetic Waves
Radioactivity
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define radioactivity 2.Classify radiations 3.Explain the properties of radiation materials 4.Describe nuclear fission and nuclear fusion 5.Describe methods for detecting nuclear radiation 6.Describe activity and half-life of elements 7. Discuss hazards of radioactivity and their precautions 8. Outline the applications of radioactivity
0/4
Introduction
Nuclear Fission
Activity and Half-Life Of Elements
Applications Of Radioactivity
Cathode and X-Rays
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define cathode and X- rays 2.Explain production of cathode and X- ray 3.Explain properties of cathode and X- ray 4.Describe cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) 5. Describe the applications of Cathode and X-rays
0/2
Cathode Rays
X-Rays
Physics Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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Velocity and Speed

Speed can be defined as the time rate of change of distance. Speed is a scalar quantity. The s.I. unit of speed is meter per second m/s or ms¹
The formula of speed is ,
        Speed = distance travelled by object / time taken to travel the distance
        Speed = distance / time
Example 1:
A train travelled a distance of 250 metres in 3½ minutes. Calculate the speed of the train.
      Solution:
         Data given in the question:
         Distance = 250m,
         time = 3½minutes = 3½ X 60 seconds =  210 seconds
         Formula : speed = distance / time
         Substitution : speed = 250 / 210 = 1.19 m/s
         Therefore, speed = 1.19 m/s

Example 2:
Calculate the distance traveled by a train in 2½ minutes if the speed of the train is 2.25 m/s.

  •   Solution:
            Data given in the question:
            Speed = 2.25 m/s ,
            time = 2½ minutes = 2½ X 60 seconds = 150 seconds
            Formula : Speed = distance / time
           Substitution : 2.25 = distance / 150 
  •       distance = 2.25 X150 = 337.5 meters
         Distance travelled = 337.5 meters
    Average Speed:
    Average speed is the total time rate of change of total  distance. The s.I. unit of average speed is also meter per second, m/s.
           Average speed = total distance travelled by object t / total time taken
     Velocity:
    Velocity is the time rate of change of displacement. Velocity is a vector quantity. It is measured in meter per second, m/s.
             Velocity = displacement / time  
  • velocity = distance / time
    Example 1:
    Calculate the velocity of a train whose displacement in 3minutes is 324meters.
          Solution:
            Data given in the question:
            Displacement=  324 meters,
           Time = 3 minutes = 3 X 60 Sec = 180 Sec
            Formula:  velocity  = displacement / time.
            Substitution:
            velocity = 324 / 180  
  •           velocity = 1.8 m/s

Example 2:
What is the velocity of a car if the car travelled a distance of 12.5 meters in 1½ minutes?
      Solution:
      Data given in the question:
      Distance = 12.5 m
      Time = 1½ min = 1½ X60 Sec = 90 Sec.
      Formula: velocity = distance / time
       Substitution: velocity = 12.5 / 90.    

         velocity  = 0.139 m/s
Uniform Speed:
Uniform speed is the constant time rate of change of distance no matter how small the time may be.
Uniform Velocity:
Uniform velocity is the constant time rate of change of displacement no matter how small the time may be.
Instantaneous Velocity:
Instantaneous velocity of an object is the velocity of the object at a particular instant.
Note:
Speed and velocity are the same because they have the same units.
Also, you must take note that that distance – time graph of speed is the same for velocity. Speed and velocity are two similar things. Distance – time graph is also called displacement – time graph which is commonly used for velocity.
Distance – Time Graph of  Speed  :
The distance – time graph of speed is obtained by plotting different values of distance on the vertical axis against different values of  time on the horizontal axis. This is shown in the figure below:

Distance – time graph of uniform speed

            figure 1                                   figure 2

Figure 1 is a distance – time graph for a speed that increases with time while figure 2 is distance- time graph of  speed that remains constant with time.
Slope of Distance – Time Graph:


  •  .                  
    The slope of the graph represent the speed of the object that undergo the motion.
                 Slope =  change in distance / change in time      
                 Slope = d₂ –  d₁  / t₂ – t₁      
  •               slope = distance  / time    
  •                Slope = speed.
    From figure 2 above, the slope of the graph is zero. This is so because the change in the distance of the object is zero.

That is  d₂ –  d₁ = 0.

  •  It means that the speed of the object remain constant with time.                          
    Therefore,
             d₂ =  d₁
             Slope = d₂ –  d₁  / t₂ – t₁  
  •      Slope = 0 / t₂ – t₁  = 0 / t .
  • Slope = 0 / t =  0
    Therefore,
    speed = zero .


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