Course Content
Properties of Matter
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain the three states of matter. 2.Explain phenomenon of surface tension. 3.Explain gas laws.
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Introduction
States Of Matter
Gas Laws
Measurement
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.State the basic and derived quantities of measurements 2.Describe quantities of measurements 3.State the SI units of quantities of measurements and their sub-multipliers 4.Convert units from one to another
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Introduction
Measurement of Length and Distance
  Measurement of Mass and weight
 Measurement of Volume and Density
Pressure
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define pressure 2.Determine pressure in solids and fluids 3.Explain the type of instruments used in measurement of pressure of gases 4.Explain transmission of presure in liquids
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Introduction
Measuring Pressure
Force
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define force and its SI units 2.Explain types of force 3.Measure force 4.Work out calculations involving force 5.Explain Hooke’s law
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Force
Friction Force
Centrifugal and Centripetal Force
Hooke’s Law
Hooke's Law  is a law named after 17th century British physicist Robert Hooke, who sought to demonstrate the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and its elasticity.
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Hooke’s Law
Moments
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define moments of a force 2.Explain principles of moments 3.Explain statics , dynamics and kinematics
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Moments
Velocity and Speed
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define speed and velocity 2.Explain types of motion 3.Determine Linear Determine Circular Motion
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Velocity and Speed
Work and Power
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define work and power 2.Work out calculations involving work and power
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Work and Power
Energy
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define energy 2.Explain forms of energy 3.Explain law of conservation of energy
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Energy
Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define motion 2.Explain causes of motion 3.Explain types of motion 4.Describe linear and circular motion
0/3
Introduction
Linear Motion 
Circular Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.State Newton’s laws of motion 2.Explain relationships between mass and inertia 3.Explain significance of Newton’s laws of motion
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
Heat and Heat Transfer
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Define temperature and heat 2.Describe instruments used to measure temperature 3.Explain modes of heat transfer 4.Explain factors that influence heat transfer 5.Explain heat capacity, specific heat capacity and specific latent heat of substances 6. Work out calorimetric calculations
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Introduction
Instruments Used For Measuring Temperature  
Heat Transfer
Measuring The Quantity Of Heat
Heat and Changes of State
Light
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define light and its properties 2.Explain types of mirrors and lenses 3.Explain reflection and refraction of light 4. Explain the lens formulae
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Introduction
Mirrors
Reflection 
Mirror Equation
Image Formation By Convex Mirror
Refraction Of Light
 Refractive index
Thin Lenses
The lens formula
 Uses of lenses on optical devices
WAVES
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1. Define waves 2.Explain types of waves 3.Explain characteristics and properties of waves 4.Explain rectilinear propagation of waves 5.Describe refraction of waves 6.Describe sound and sound waves
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Introduction
Electromagnetic Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
Properties of Waves
Rectilinear Propagation Of Waves
Sound and Sound Waves
Electrostatics
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define electrostatics 2. Describe the working of electroscopes 3.Describe different methods of charging a body 4.Explain electric fields 5.Describe charge distribution on conductors’ surface 6. Describe capacitors and capacitance
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Introduction
Gold Leaf Electroscope
Electric Fields
Charge Distribution on Conductors’ Surface
Capacitors And Capacitance
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetism 2.Identify magnetic and non- magnetic materials 3.Explain properties of magnets 4.Describe magnetic field patterns 5.Describe making magnets 6.Explain domain theory of magnets 7.Describe magnetic effect of an electric current. 8. Describe electromagnets and electromagnetism 9.Describe electromagnetic induction
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Introduction
Magnetic Field Patterns.
Making Magnets
Magnetic Effect of An Electric Current.
Electromagnetism 
Electromagnetic Induction
Current Electricity
CURRENT ELECTRICITY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainer should be able to: 1. Define current and electricity 2.Electric potential difference 3.Explain use of a meters, voltmeters and resistors 4.Explain ohm’s law 5. Explain Electromotive force and internal resistance 6.Describe production of electric current 7.Describe simple cells, Leclanche’ cell, dry cells and lea-acid accumulators 8.Describe mains electricity 9.Describe domestic wiring
0/6
Introduction
Electric Potential Difference And Electric Current
Resistors and Resistance
Production Of Electric Current:
Heating Effect Of An Electric Current
Mains Electricity
Electromagnetic Spectrum
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetic spectrum 2. Explain properties of electromagnetic waves 3. Describe applications of electromagnetic radiation
0/2
Introduction
Properties and Application of Electromagnetic Waves
Radioactivity
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define radioactivity 2.Classify radiations 3.Explain the properties of radiation materials 4.Describe nuclear fission and nuclear fusion 5.Describe methods for detecting nuclear radiation 6.Describe activity and half-life of elements 7. Discuss hazards of radioactivity and their precautions 8. Outline the applications of radioactivity
0/4
Introduction
Nuclear Fission
Activity and Half-Life Of Elements
Applications Of Radioactivity
Cathode and X-Rays
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define cathode and X- rays 2.Explain production of cathode and X- ray 3.Explain properties of cathode and X- ray 4.Describe cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) 5. Describe the applications of Cathode and X-rays
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Cathode Rays
X-Rays
Physics Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE:
Centripetal force is an inward force  that act on an object that is moving round a circle. The force help to stop the object from skidding out of the circular path. 
                     Centripetal force = m X v² /r  ….. equation.   1 
Where m is the Mass of the object, v is the velocity of the object, r is the radius of the circular path 
From the formula of force,

force = mass X acceleration.  ( f = m X a ).  ….. equation. 2
If we equate equation 1 and equation 2, then we will get,
              M X a =  M V² / r.
M will cancel M. Therefore, we will get,  a = V² / r 
Centripetal acceleration a = V² / r

 Example:
Calculate the magnitude if centripetal force on a car of mass 5.23kg that is moving round a circle of radius 0.5m with a a velocity of 10m/s.Also, determine the centripetal acceleration of the object.
Solution:
Data: mass =  5.23kg, radius = 0.5m, velocity = 10 m/s
Formula :     F = M XV² / r
Substitution:
 F = 5.23kg X ( 10m/s )² / 0.5  

  F = 5.23 X  100 / 0.5 = 523 / 0.5 m = 100 / 0.5 =  1046N
Centripetal acceleration of the car:
Centripetal acceleration = V² / r

= C. A = ( 10m/s )² / 0.5 m = 100 / 0.5 = 200 m/s²

Example 2:
If 200 N force act on a train of mass 34.5 kg that is moving round a circle with a velocity V, of radius 2.10 m, calculate the velocity of the train and hence what is its centripetal acceleration?
Solution:
data:   mass = 34.5 kg, velocity = V, radius = 2.10 m, force = 200N, c.a = ?
Formula:   F = M X V² / r
Substitution:   200 = 34.5 kg  X  V² / 2.10.
Make V the subject:   200  X 2.10 / 34.5 = V²  

V² = 420 / 34.5 = 12.174 
           V = √12.174.

V = 3.49 m/s
Centripetal acceleration = V² / r    

    c.a = 3.49² / 2.10 = 12.18 / 2.10  = 5.80 m/s²
                                C.A = 5.80 m/s²   
Centrifugal Force:
Centrifugal force is an outward force which act on an object that moves round a circle. Centrifugal force is a balancing force which counterbalances the centripetal force so as to prevent the centripetal force from pushing the object to the centre of the circle. It is opposite to centripetal force.
Since centrifugal  force is a balancing force, it is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction centripetal force.
Therefore,      Centripetal force = centrifugal force = M X V² / r
Same formulae is used to calculate centrifugal force
Centrifugal force  = M X V² / r

Advantages of Centripetal Force:
Centripetal force is responsible for the force that keeps the satellites in their orbits.
Centripetal force  helps to maintain an object that is moving  in a circular path
Centripetal force overcomes inertia

According to Newton’s Law of Inertia, an object in motion tends to follow a straight line. If a force is applied to an object at an angle to the direction of motion, that force will overcome the object’s inertia, such that it will follow a curved path, depending on the amount of the force and how long it is applied.

Advantages of Centrifugal Force:

  1. Centrifugal for e balances /centripetal force.
  2. Centrifugal is used in laboratory to separate solute from solution.
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