Course Content
Properties of Matter
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain the three states of matter. 2.Explain phenomenon of surface tension. 3.Explain gas laws.
0/3
Introduction
States Of Matter
Gas Laws
Measurement
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.State the basic and derived quantities of measurements 2.Describe quantities of measurements 3.State the SI units of quantities of measurements and their sub-multipliers 4.Convert units from one to another
0/4
Introduction
Measurement of Length and Distance
  Measurement of Mass and weight
 Measurement of Volume and Density
Pressure
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define pressure 2.Determine pressure in solids and fluids 3.Explain the type of instruments used in measurement of pressure of gases 4.Explain transmission of presure in liquids
0/2
Introduction
Measuring Pressure
Force
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define force and its SI units 2.Explain types of force 3.Measure force 4.Work out calculations involving force 5.Explain Hooke’s law
0/3
Force
Friction Force
Centrifugal and Centripetal Force
Hooke’s Law
Hooke's Law  is a law named after 17th century British physicist Robert Hooke, who sought to demonstrate the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and its elasticity.
0/1
Hooke’s Law
Moments
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define moments of a force 2.Explain principles of moments 3.Explain statics , dynamics and kinematics
0/1
Moments
Velocity and Speed
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define speed and velocity 2.Explain types of motion 3.Determine Linear Determine Circular Motion
0/1
Velocity and Speed
Work and Power
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define work and power 2.Work out calculations involving work and power
0/1
Work and Power
Energy
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define energy 2.Explain forms of energy 3.Explain law of conservation of energy
0/1
Energy
Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define motion 2.Explain causes of motion 3.Explain types of motion 4.Describe linear and circular motion
0/3
Introduction
Linear Motion 
Circular Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.State Newton’s laws of motion 2.Explain relationships between mass and inertia 3.Explain significance of Newton’s laws of motion
0/1
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Heat and Heat Transfer
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Define temperature and heat 2.Describe instruments used to measure temperature 3.Explain modes of heat transfer 4.Explain factors that influence heat transfer 5.Explain heat capacity, specific heat capacity and specific latent heat of substances 6. Work out calorimetric calculations
0/5
Introduction
Instruments Used For Measuring Temperature  
Heat Transfer
Measuring The Quantity Of Heat
Heat and Changes of State
Light
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define light and its properties 2.Explain types of mirrors and lenses 3.Explain reflection and refraction of light 4. Explain the lens formulae
0/10
Introduction
Mirrors
Reflection 
Mirror Equation
Image Formation By Convex Mirror
Refraction Of Light
 Refractive index
Thin Lenses
The lens formula
 Uses of lenses on optical devices
WAVES
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1. Define waves 2.Explain types of waves 3.Explain characteristics and properties of waves 4.Explain rectilinear propagation of waves 5.Describe refraction of waves 6.Describe sound and sound waves
0/6
Introduction
Electromagnetic Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
Properties of Waves
Rectilinear Propagation Of Waves
Sound and Sound Waves
Electrostatics
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define electrostatics 2. Describe the working of electroscopes 3.Describe different methods of charging a body 4.Explain electric fields 5.Describe charge distribution on conductors’ surface 6. Describe capacitors and capacitance
0/5
Introduction
Gold Leaf Electroscope
Electric Fields
Charge Distribution on Conductors’ Surface
Capacitors And Capacitance
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetism 2.Identify magnetic and non- magnetic materials 3.Explain properties of magnets 4.Describe magnetic field patterns 5.Describe making magnets 6.Explain domain theory of magnets 7.Describe magnetic effect of an electric current. 8. Describe electromagnets and electromagnetism 9.Describe electromagnetic induction
0/6
Introduction
Magnetic Field Patterns.
Making Magnets
Magnetic Effect of An Electric Current.
Electromagnetism 
Electromagnetic Induction
Current Electricity
CURRENT ELECTRICITY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainer should be able to: 1. Define current and electricity 2.Electric potential difference 3.Explain use of a meters, voltmeters and resistors 4.Explain ohm’s law 5. Explain Electromotive force and internal resistance 6.Describe production of electric current 7.Describe simple cells, Leclanche’ cell, dry cells and lea-acid accumulators 8.Describe mains electricity 9.Describe domestic wiring
0/6
Introduction
Electric Potential Difference And Electric Current
Resistors and Resistance
Production Of Electric Current:
Heating Effect Of An Electric Current
Mains Electricity
Electromagnetic Spectrum
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetic spectrum 2. Explain properties of electromagnetic waves 3. Describe applications of electromagnetic radiation
0/2
Introduction
Properties and Application of Electromagnetic Waves
Radioactivity
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define radioactivity 2.Classify radiations 3.Explain the properties of radiation materials 4.Describe nuclear fission and nuclear fusion 5.Describe methods for detecting nuclear radiation 6.Describe activity and half-life of elements 7. Discuss hazards of radioactivity and their precautions 8. Outline the applications of radioactivity
0/4
Introduction
Nuclear Fission
Activity and Half-Life Of Elements
Applications Of Radioactivity
Cathode and X-Rays
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define cathode and X- rays 2.Explain production of cathode and X- ray 3.Explain properties of cathode and X- ray 4.Describe cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) 5. Describe the applications of Cathode and X-rays
0/2
Cathode Rays
X-Rays
Physics Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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Image Formation By Convex Mirror

The image formed in a convex mirror is always virtual and erect, whatever be the position of the object. In this section, let us look at the types of images formed by a convex mirror.

When an object is placed at infinity, a virtual image is formed at the focus. The size of the image is much smaller than compared to that of the object.

When an object is placed at a finite distance from the mirror, a virtual image is formed between the pole and the focus of the convex mirror. The size of the image is smaller than compared to that of the object.

Applications of curved mirrors.

  1. a) They are used in satellite dishes.
  2. b) They are used in making shaving mirrors.
  3. c) They are used in telescopes.
  4. d) They are used in driving mirrors.

Calculation of Angle of Incidence and Angle of Reflection

The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are calculated by drawing a normal line that is perpendicular to the reflecting surface.

Q1: A ray of light is incident towards a plane mirror at an angle of 30° with the mirror surface. What will be the angle of reflection?

Answer:

Since the angle of incidence is measured between the incident ray and the normal, so, here the angle of incidence is not  60°

According to the Law of Reflection,

θi = θr

Hence,

Angle of Reflection = 60°

Q2: A light ray strikes a reflective plane surface at an angle of 54° with the surface.

(i) Calculate the angle of incidence.

(ii) Calculate the angle of reflection.

(iii) Calculate the angle made by the reflected ray and the surface.

(iv) Calculate the angle made by the incident and reflected rays.

Ans:

  • (i) Angle of incidence, θi = 90° – 54°=36°
  • (ii) Angle of Reflection, θr = 36° (As per Law of Reflection)
  • (iii) Angle made by the reflected ray and the surface,
  • q=90° – r = 90° – 36° = 54°
  • (iv) Angle made by the incident and reflected rays,
  • θi = θr =36° + 36° = 72°
  • Q3:

Find angle α made by the system of the two mirrors shown in the figure below so that the incident ray at A and the reflected ray at B are parallel.

Ans:

We first complete the given diagram with the angles of incidence and reflection as shown below and also labelling the incident and reflected rays.

For the incident ray at A and the reflected ray at B to be parallel, angles i + r and i’ + r’ have to be supplementary. (geometry: parallel lines cut by a transversal).

  • Hence,
  • i + r + i’+ r’ = 180 °
  • by law of reflection : r = i and r’ = i’
  • Substitute to obtain
  • i + i + i’ + i’ = 180 °
  • i + i’ = 90
  • In triangle AOB, we have
  • α + (90 – r) + (90 – i’) = 180 °
  • α = r + i’ = i + i’ = 90 °
  • If α = 90 °, the incident ray at A and the reflected ray at B are parallel.

Location of an image by the non-parallax method

 Parallax is the apparent relative motion of two objects due to the movement of the observer.

 It only occurs when the objects are at a distance from one another.

This can be used to find the position of images in plane mirrors.

Experiment: To find the position of an image of a pin by non-parallax method

 Procedure

  1. Obtain a sheet of paper and draw a mirror line
  2. Place the mirror on the line as shown
  3. Place the pin at least 5 cm from the mirror and obtain another pin (search pin)
  4. Move the pin till you get a point where there is no parallax and place your second pin.
  • 5. Measure the distances (both image and object) and confirm your results.

·

Mirrors at an angle

When mirrors are placed at an angle several images are obtained depending on the angle between them.

 If the angle is 600 the images formed will be five. We use the following formula to find the number of images.

 n = (360o / θ) – 1

When mirrors are parallel then the images formed are infinite.

  • ·

 Kaleidoscope

Kaleidoscope applies the principle of mirrors at an angle. Consists of two mirrors arranged at an angle of 600 to one another inside a tube.

 The bottom has a ground-glass plate with brightly coloured glass for allowing light.

When one observes through the tube five images are seen.

  • ·

The periscope

The periscope consists of two mirrors arranged at an angle of 450 as shown. This principle is used in periscopes (prisms) and telescopes.

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