Course Content
Properties of Matter
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain the three states of matter. 2.Explain phenomenon of surface tension. 3.Explain gas laws.
0/3
Introduction
States Of Matter
Gas Laws
Measurement
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.State the basic and derived quantities of measurements 2.Describe quantities of measurements 3.State the SI units of quantities of measurements and their sub-multipliers 4.Convert units from one to another
0/4
Introduction
Measurement of Length and Distance
  Measurement of Mass and weight
 Measurement of Volume and Density
Pressure
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define pressure 2.Determine pressure in solids and fluids 3.Explain the type of instruments used in measurement of pressure of gases 4.Explain transmission of presure in liquids
0/2
Introduction
Measuring Pressure
Force
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define force and its SI units 2.Explain types of force 3.Measure force 4.Work out calculations involving force 5.Explain Hooke’s law
0/3
Force
Friction Force
Centrifugal and Centripetal Force
Hooke’s Law
Hooke's Law  is a law named after 17th century British physicist Robert Hooke, who sought to demonstrate the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and its elasticity.
0/1
Hooke’s Law
Moments
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define moments of a force 2.Explain principles of moments 3.Explain statics , dynamics and kinematics
0/1
Moments
Velocity and Speed
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define speed and velocity 2.Explain types of motion 3.Determine Linear Determine Circular Motion
0/1
Velocity and Speed
Work and Power
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define work and power 2.Work out calculations involving work and power
0/1
Work and Power
Energy
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define energy 2.Explain forms of energy 3.Explain law of conservation of energy
0/1
Energy
Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define motion 2.Explain causes of motion 3.Explain types of motion 4.Describe linear and circular motion
0/3
Introduction
Linear Motion 
Circular Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.State Newton’s laws of motion 2.Explain relationships between mass and inertia 3.Explain significance of Newton’s laws of motion
0/1
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Heat and Heat Transfer
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Define temperature and heat 2.Describe instruments used to measure temperature 3.Explain modes of heat transfer 4.Explain factors that influence heat transfer 5.Explain heat capacity, specific heat capacity and specific latent heat of substances 6. Work out calorimetric calculations
0/5
Introduction
Instruments Used For Measuring Temperature  
Heat Transfer
Measuring The Quantity Of Heat
Heat and Changes of State
Light
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define light and its properties 2.Explain types of mirrors and lenses 3.Explain reflection and refraction of light 4. Explain the lens formulae
0/10
Introduction
Mirrors
Reflection 
Mirror Equation
Image Formation By Convex Mirror
Refraction Of Light
 Refractive index
Thin Lenses
The lens formula
 Uses of lenses on optical devices
WAVES
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1. Define waves 2.Explain types of waves 3.Explain characteristics and properties of waves 4.Explain rectilinear propagation of waves 5.Describe refraction of waves 6.Describe sound and sound waves
0/6
Introduction
Electromagnetic Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
Properties of Waves
Rectilinear Propagation Of Waves
Sound and Sound Waves
Electrostatics
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define electrostatics 2. Describe the working of electroscopes 3.Describe different methods of charging a body 4.Explain electric fields 5.Describe charge distribution on conductors’ surface 6. Describe capacitors and capacitance
0/5
Introduction
Gold Leaf Electroscope
Electric Fields
Charge Distribution on Conductors’ Surface
Capacitors And Capacitance
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetism 2.Identify magnetic and non- magnetic materials 3.Explain properties of magnets 4.Describe magnetic field patterns 5.Describe making magnets 6.Explain domain theory of magnets 7.Describe magnetic effect of an electric current. 8. Describe electromagnets and electromagnetism 9.Describe electromagnetic induction
0/6
Introduction
Magnetic Field Patterns.
Making Magnets
Magnetic Effect of An Electric Current.
Electromagnetism 
Electromagnetic Induction
Current Electricity
CURRENT ELECTRICITY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainer should be able to: 1. Define current and electricity 2.Electric potential difference 3.Explain use of a meters, voltmeters and resistors 4.Explain ohm’s law 5. Explain Electromotive force and internal resistance 6.Describe production of electric current 7.Describe simple cells, Leclanche’ cell, dry cells and lea-acid accumulators 8.Describe mains electricity 9.Describe domestic wiring
0/6
Introduction
Electric Potential Difference And Electric Current
Resistors and Resistance
Production Of Electric Current:
Heating Effect Of An Electric Current
Mains Electricity
Electromagnetic Spectrum
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetic spectrum 2. Explain properties of electromagnetic waves 3. Describe applications of electromagnetic radiation
0/2
Introduction
Properties and Application of Electromagnetic Waves
Radioactivity
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define radioactivity 2.Classify radiations 3.Explain the properties of radiation materials 4.Describe nuclear fission and nuclear fusion 5.Describe methods for detecting nuclear radiation 6.Describe activity and half-life of elements 7. Discuss hazards of radioactivity and their precautions 8. Outline the applications of radioactivity
0/4
Introduction
Nuclear Fission
Activity and Half-Life Of Elements
Applications Of Radioactivity
Cathode and X-Rays
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define cathode and X- rays 2.Explain production of cathode and X- ray 3.Explain properties of cathode and X- ray 4.Describe cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) 5. Describe the applications of Cathode and X-rays
0/2
Cathode Rays
X-Rays
Physics Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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Instruments Used For Measuring Temperature  

Thermometers

Thermometer is a device used for measuring temperature. It has a temperature sensitive bulb filled with liquid. And there is a scale showing the measured temperature.

 Normally, temperatures are measured in Celsius degree or Fahrenheit degrees. Thermometers have a narrow capillary tube, which is connected to the bulb with temperature sensitive fluid.

As the temperature increases, the fluid expands and rises up the capillary. As the temperature decreases the fluid contracts and goes down in the capillary. The scale along the capillary shows the relevant temperature according to the height of the capillary column.

We find the temperature by reading the marker where the meniscus is.

Thermometers

A thermometer is a device that is used to measure the temperature. Alcohol thermometer and mercury thermometer are two types of thermometers which are composed of a bulb and a marked glass tube. The main difference between alcohol and mercury thermometer is that the bulb of mercury thermometer is filled with mercury whereas the bulb of alcohol thermometer is filled with an alcohol.

Liquids commonly used are mercury and coloured alcohols. The liquid substance  used in thermometers should :

  1. Be a good conductor,
  2. Be visible and be able to contract and expand quickly and uniformly over a wide range of temperatures.
  3. Not stick on the sides of the tube.
  4. Have alow specific heat capacity for quick response
  5. Have a low freezing and high boiling point so that the substance remains liquid over a good range of temperatures.

The table below highlights some of the features of mercury and alcohol thermometers

Alcohol Thermometer

Mercury Thermometer

Uses a bulb filled  with alcohol as a temperature sensor

uses a bulb filled  with mercury as a temperature sensor

Liquid inside can be  pure alcohol,toluene , kerosene etc

Liquid inside is mercury

Less toxic

Highly toxic

Suitable for measuring low temperature(-115-78oc)

Suitable for measuring high temperatures(-37-356oc)

Less durable because alcohol evaporates very fast

Highly durable because mercury does not evaporate easily

Walls get wet

Wall do not get wet

Alcohol is dyed since it is colorless

Mercury  does not have to be  dyed

Types of thermometers

  1. Liquid-in-glass thermometer–this applies to the expansion of a liquid in a thin-walled glass-tube.  The liquid(alcohol or mercury) moves up the tube when the bulb is heated.

The scale is obtained by choosing two temperature points called fixed points.

In Celsius lower point is taken to be 0oC (when placed in ice) and the upper point as 100oC (boiling steam).The two points are therefore divided into 100 equal parts (calibration). The melting and boiling points of both mercury and alcohol are

(-39oC–357oC)and(-112oC-78oC)

  1. Clinical thermometer – this is a special type of mercury-in-glass thermometer used to measure body temperature. Since body temperature is normally 37oC the scale is only a few degrees below and above 37oC.

 It has a constriction which prevents mercury from going back after expansion for convenient reading of temperature.

 This thermometer has a narrow bore for greater sensitivity and accuracy.

  1. Six’s maximum and minimum thermometer – it is used to measure temperature of surroundings of an area or a place.

It can record both maximum and minimum temperatures attained.

Consists of a large  left bulb containing oil of creosote connected to U-shaped stem which connects to a right bulb  containing the same liquid.

The base  contains a thin thread of mercury. The range of this thermometer is between -20 oC and 50 oC. After each reading the indices are pulled down to the level of mercury by use of a magnet.

  1. Bimetallic thermometer– it is made up of a bimetallic strip with one end fixed and the other connected to a pointer.

Metals used are usually brass and invar.

As temperatures increase the strip unwinds and moves the pointer over a calibrated scale. It is used to measure high temperatures.

  1. Thermocouple thermometer– thermocouple is a junction made of copper and iron looped at both ends. In practice a sensitive millivoltmeter is used instead of a galvanometer.

A cold junction is maintained in melting ice (00C) while the other junction is heated steadily. This thermometer does not apply the principle of expansion.

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