Course Content
Properties of Matter
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain the three states of matter. 2.Explain phenomenon of surface tension. 3.Explain gas laws.
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Introduction
States Of Matter
Gas Laws
Measurement
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.State the basic and derived quantities of measurements 2.Describe quantities of measurements 3.State the SI units of quantities of measurements and their sub-multipliers 4.Convert units from one to another
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Introduction
Measurement of Length and Distance
  Measurement of Mass and weight
 Measurement of Volume and Density
Pressure
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define pressure 2.Determine pressure in solids and fluids 3.Explain the type of instruments used in measurement of pressure of gases 4.Explain transmission of presure in liquids
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Introduction
Measuring Pressure
Force
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define force and its SI units 2.Explain types of force 3.Measure force 4.Work out calculations involving force 5.Explain Hooke’s law
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Force
Friction Force
Centrifugal and Centripetal Force
Hooke’s Law
Hooke's Law  is a law named after 17th century British physicist Robert Hooke, who sought to demonstrate the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and its elasticity.
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Hooke’s Law
Moments
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define moments of a force 2.Explain principles of moments 3.Explain statics , dynamics and kinematics
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Moments
Velocity and Speed
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define speed and velocity 2.Explain types of motion 3.Determine Linear Determine Circular Motion
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Velocity and Speed
Work and Power
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define work and power 2.Work out calculations involving work and power
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Work and Power
Energy
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define energy 2.Explain forms of energy 3.Explain law of conservation of energy
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Energy
Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define motion 2.Explain causes of motion 3.Explain types of motion 4.Describe linear and circular motion
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Introduction
Linear Motion 
Circular Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.State Newton’s laws of motion 2.Explain relationships between mass and inertia 3.Explain significance of Newton’s laws of motion
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
Heat and Heat Transfer
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Define temperature and heat 2.Describe instruments used to measure temperature 3.Explain modes of heat transfer 4.Explain factors that influence heat transfer 5.Explain heat capacity, specific heat capacity and specific latent heat of substances 6. Work out calorimetric calculations
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Introduction
Instruments Used For Measuring Temperature  
Heat Transfer
Measuring The Quantity Of Heat
Heat and Changes of State
Light
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define light and its properties 2.Explain types of mirrors and lenses 3.Explain reflection and refraction of light 4. Explain the lens formulae
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Introduction
Mirrors
Reflection 
Mirror Equation
Image Formation By Convex Mirror
Refraction Of Light
 Refractive index
Thin Lenses
The lens formula
 Uses of lenses on optical devices
WAVES
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1. Define waves 2.Explain types of waves 3.Explain characteristics and properties of waves 4.Explain rectilinear propagation of waves 5.Describe refraction of waves 6.Describe sound and sound waves
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Introduction
Electromagnetic Wave
Electromagnetic Wave
Properties of Waves
Rectilinear Propagation Of Waves
Sound and Sound Waves
Electrostatics
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define electrostatics 2. Describe the working of electroscopes 3.Describe different methods of charging a body 4.Explain electric fields 5.Describe charge distribution on conductors’ surface 6. Describe capacitors and capacitance
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Introduction
Gold Leaf Electroscope
Electric Fields
Charge Distribution on Conductors’ Surface
Capacitors And Capacitance
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetism 2.Identify magnetic and non- magnetic materials 3.Explain properties of magnets 4.Describe magnetic field patterns 5.Describe making magnets 6.Explain domain theory of magnets 7.Describe magnetic effect of an electric current. 8. Describe electromagnets and electromagnetism 9.Describe electromagnetic induction
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Introduction
Magnetic Field Patterns.
Making Magnets
Magnetic Effect of An Electric Current.
Electromagnetism 
Electromagnetic Induction
Current Electricity
CURRENT ELECTRICITY OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainer should be able to: 1. Define current and electricity 2.Electric potential difference 3.Explain use of a meters, voltmeters and resistors 4.Explain ohm’s law 5. Explain Electromotive force and internal resistance 6.Describe production of electric current 7.Describe simple cells, Leclanche’ cell, dry cells and lea-acid accumulators 8.Describe mains electricity 9.Describe domestic wiring
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Introduction
Electric Potential Difference And Electric Current
Resistors and Resistance
Production Of Electric Current:
Heating Effect Of An Electric Current
Mains Electricity
Electromagnetic Spectrum
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to: 1.Define magnetic spectrum 2. Explain properties of electromagnetic waves 3. Describe applications of electromagnetic radiation
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Introduction
Properties and Application of Electromagnetic Waves
Radioactivity
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define radioactivity 2.Classify radiations 3.Explain the properties of radiation materials 4.Describe nuclear fission and nuclear fusion 5.Describe methods for detecting nuclear radiation 6.Describe activity and half-life of elements 7. Discuss hazards of radioactivity and their precautions 8. Outline the applications of radioactivity
0/4
Introduction
Nuclear Fission
Activity and Half-Life Of Elements
Applications Of Radioactivity
Cathode and X-Rays
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1. Define cathode and X- rays 2.Explain production of cathode and X- ray 3.Explain properties of cathode and X- ray 4.Describe cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) 5. Describe the applications of Cathode and X-rays
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Cathode Rays
X-Rays
Physics Techniques For Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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INTRODUCTION

 Light in the form of electromagnetic radiation enables a human eye to visualize objects. Visible light is measured in terms of wavelengths in the range of 400-700nm. It is a source of all colors and its composed of different wavelengths.  Objects around it normally absorbs some wavelengths and reflect others, transparent materials transmits all wavelengths equally unless they are colored but colored objects reflect some colors and absorbs others.

Objects that produce their own light are known as luminous objects i.e. the sun, torch lamps etc. objects that do not produce their own light are called non-luminous objects i.e. the moon.

Opaque objects are those which do not allow light to pass through them. Translucent materials are those which allow light to pass through them but we cannot see through them i.e. church glass and bathroom glass.

Transparent materials are those which allow light to pass through them and we can see through them i.e. window panes, car windows etc.

A ray is the direction of the path followed by light. A beam is a group of rays travelling together.

Rectilinear Propagation Of Light 

The rectilinear propagation of light is a phenomenon which tells that light travels in a straight line. It can change its direction only when either it is reflected from a surface or change its medium of propagation, i.e. refraction. This concept of rectilinear propagation of light is used to understand the various optical phenomena.

Cardboard experiment is a perfect experiment that proves the rectilinear propagation of light. it is a simple experiment and does not need any specific instrument.  You  only need a simple light source such as a candle or bulb or a lamp and some cardboard along with a sharp pin which is needed for making the holes in the cardboards.

 Place the light source on a plane surface and  using a pin, make holes in the cardboards and place three or four cardboards parallely in different planes at some distances so that these holes will remain in a line. 

Light the source of light and place it along the holes. see this light source from the hole of the last cardboard and note the observation. Now displace one of the cardboards (let’s say, the middle one) a little downward as shown in the figure below. now try to see the source from the hole of the last cardboard and note the observation.

In the first case when the holes are aligned, the light is reaching your eyes and you can see the light source clearly. But when the middle cardboard is displaced downward the light is not able to reach you and thus, the source is not visible through the holes. Hence, it proves the rectilinear propagation of light.  

Rectilinear Propagation Of Light In Daily Life

There Are Few Daily Life Examples Where The Rectilinear Behaviour Of Propagation Of Light Can Be Observed.

  1. Eclipse: Solar eclipse and lunar eclipse are the examples of rectilinear propagation of light. In the solar eclipse, the moon comes in between the earth and sun. The light coming from the sun in a straight line gets obstructed by the moon and it seems that the sun disappeared partially. In the lunar eclipse, the earth comes in between the sun and the moon and obstructs the straight rays of light. Thus, the moon doesn’t get any light from the sun and seems to have disappeared.

Solar Eclipse 

                         Lunar Eclipse

Formation of the shadow : It is a good example of rectilinear behaviour of the propagation of light. When a light falls on an object, it stops the light rays and a shadow is observed behind the object.

  1. The light from the torch and headlight of a vehicle travels in a straight line.
  2. Light from the projector travels in the straight line and reaches the screen.
  3. Light from a laser travels in a string line.

 Properties Of Light

  1. Light can be considered a wave of particles.
  2. Like all waves it also carries energy.
  3. Light propagates in a straight line, this property is known as rectilinear propagation of light.
  4. Light does not involve the medium of propagation; it can travel in the vacuum also.
  5. Light travels with the speed of 3 x 108 m/s in the vacuum or in air.
  6. The propagation of light does not affect the medium but when light changes the medium from rarer to denser, its velocity gets reduced.
  7. The portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectra which falls in the visible spectrum is known as visible light.
  8. The visible light can be seen with human eyes.
  9. The wavelength of visible light is from 380 to 700 nm.
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