Course Content
Matter
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Define matter 2.Explain state of matter 3.Distinguish between physical and chemical changes 4.Explain the gas laws
0/4
Introduction
States of Matter
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
The Gas Laws
Atoms , Elements and Compounds
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to; 1.Define Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 2.Describe the structure of an atom 3.Describe how to determine the Atomic number ,Mass number and Isotopes
0/3
Introduction
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure of Isotopes
The Periodic Table
OBECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to : 1.State the historical contribution on development of the periodic table 2.Explain the periodic trends of elements and their compounds 3.State the diagonal relationships of the periodic table
0/3
Introduction
Families of the Periodic Table
The Periodic Trends
The S-Block Element
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain the chemistry of group I and II elements 2.State the application of group I and two elements and their compounds
0/4
Introduction
Electronic Configuration of S-Block Elements
Physical Properties of S-Block Elements
Chemical Properties of S-Block Elements
Chemical Bonds
OBJECTIVES By the end of these topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Identify different types of bonds 2.Describe their properties
0/2
Introduction
Types and Properties of Chemical Bonds
Chemical Equilibrium
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define chemical equilibria 2.Explain types of equilibria 3.Determine equilibrium constant 4.Describe factors affecting chemical equilibrium
0/6
Introduction
Measuring Equilibrium Rates
Equilibrium Basics
Types of equilibria
Predicting The Direction of a Reaction
Factors Affecting equilibrium
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Explain the aspects of organic chemistry 2.Describe hydrocarbons 3.Classify organic molecules explain chemical reactions of simple organic molecules 4.Explain the properties , synthesis and uses of simple organic molecules
0/10
Introduction
Functional Groups
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkanols(Alcohols)
HaloAlkanes
Alkanals and Alkanones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines
Acids, Bases and Salts
OBJECTIVES By the end of this session , the trainee should be able to : 1.State properties of acids and bases 2.Differentiate between strong and weak acids 3.Explain types and properties of salts
0/2
Introduction
Properties Of Acids And Bases
PH Analysis
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define the term PH 2.Explain the basic theory of PH 3.State the relationship between PH and color change in indicators 4.Explain the term buffer solution 5.Describe the preparation of buffer solutions 6.State the application of buffer solutions
0/5
Introduction
Neutral, acidic and basic solutions
PH and Its Importance
Determination Of PH
Buffer Solutions
Sampling and Sample Preparation
OBJECTIVE By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to : 1.Define the terms used in sample preparation 2.State the importance of sampling 3.Describe the techniques of sampling 4.Describe the procedure for sample pre-treatment 5.State sample storage methods
0/5
Introduction
Types of Samples and Sampling
Sample preparation
Sample Losses During Preparation
Sample Identification and Storage
Separation Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define separation, extraction and purification 2.Describe the separation , extraction and purification techniques 3.Explain the methods of determining purity of substances
0/2
Introduction
Separation Techniques
Heating and Cooling Techniques
OBJECTIVES To identify various techniques used for heating and cooling substances in the laboratory
Heating and Cooling Techniques
OBJECTIVES To identify various techniques used for heating and cooling substances in the laboratory
0/1
Heating and Cooling Techniques used in the lab
Distillation Techniques
By end of this topic, Trainee should be able to : 1. Define distilation 2. State and explain various distillation techniques 3. Outline Various distillation techniques 4. Outline the applications of Distillation techniques
0/3
Introduction
Types of Distillation Techniques 
Distillation and Reflux Condensers
Crystallization Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to: 1.To define crystallization 2.To describe crystallization process 3.To carry out crystallization procedure
0/1
Crystallization Technique
Solvent Extraction Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to 1.Define solvent extraction 2.Explain terms used in solvent extraction 3.Describe methods of solvent extraction 4.Describe selection of appropriate solvents for solvent extraction 5.Determine distribution ration 6.Outline factors actors influencing the extraction efficiency 7.Describe Soxhlet extraction
0/1
Introduction
Chromatography Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to: 1.Define chromatography techniques 2.Explain terms used in chromatography techniques 3.Describe principles of chromatography techniques 4.Explain types of chromatography techniques 5.Carry out chromatography experiments 6.Determine RF factor 7.Outline electrophoresis
0/6
Introduction to Chromatography Techniques
Types of Chromatography Techniques
Thin Layer Chromatography
Column Chromatography
Retardation Factor (Rf)
Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Titrimetric Analysis
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms used in titrimetric analysis 2.Describe types of titrimetric analysis 3.Balance chemical reactions 4.Work out calculations involved in titrimetric analysis
0/6
Introduction
Requirements For Titrimetric Analysis
Titration procedure:
Molarity
Apparatus for titrimetric analysis
Classification Of Reactions In Titrimetrlc Analysis
Redox Titration
Redox Titration is a laboratory method of determining the concentration of a given analyte by causing a redox reaction between the titrant and the analyte. Redox titration is based on an oxidation-reduction reaction between the titrant and the analyte. It is one of the most common laboratory methods used to identify the concentration of unknown analytes. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction. The key features of reduction and oxidation are discussed below.
0/5
Introduction
The oxidation number 
Balancing Redox Reactions
Examples Of Redox Titration
Standardization of Redox solutions
Complexiometric Titration
omplexometric Titration or chelatometry is a type of volumetric analysis wherein the colored complex is used to determine the endpoint of the titration. The method is particularly useful for determination of the exact number of a mixture of different metal ions, especially calcium and magnesium ions present in water in solution .
0/5
Introduction to Complexiometric Titration
EDTA titration
Types of EDTA titrations
EDTA titration experiment 
Mechanism of action of indicator:
Gravimetric Analysis
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define gravimetric analysis 2.Describe the principles of gravimetric analysis 3.Describe the steps involved in gravimetric analysis 4.Explain factors affecting gravimetric analysis 5.Describe the equipments and apparatus used in gravimetric analysis 6.Carry out gravimetric analysis
0/8
Introduction
Principles Of Gravimetric Analysis
Determination of Mass in gravimetric analysis
Factors Affecting Separation Of Metals And Compounds
Preparation of pure precipitates
Example of gravimetric Analysis
Gravimetric Calculations
Draft Lesson
Calorimetric Analysis
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms and units used in thermochemistry 2.Determine enthalpy changes in chemical reactions 3.Determine heat capacity and specific heat capacity 4.Compare calorific values of different materials 5.Determine different heat reactions 6.Apply law of conservation of energy and Hess law in thermochemical calculations
0/4
Introduction
Calorimetry
Heat Capacity
Enthalpy of Phase Transitions
Chemistry Techniques for Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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CARBOXYLIC ACID

A Carboxylic Acid is an organic compound containing a carboxyl functional group. They occur widely in nature and are also synthetically manufactured by humans. Upon deprotonation, carboxylic acids yield a carboxylate anion with the general formula R-COO–, which can form a variety of useful salts such as soaps.

The carboxylic acids are the most important functional group that present C=O. This type of organic compounds can be obtained by different routes, some carboxylic acids, such as citric acid, lactic acid or fumaric acid are produced from by fermentation most of these type of carboxylic acids are applied in the food industry.

Carboxylic Acid Structure

The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, were COOH refers to the carboxyl group, and R refers to the rest of the molecule to which this group is attached. In this carboxyl group, there exists a carbon which shares a double bond with an oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydroxyl group.

A carboxylic acid’s general formula is R-COOH, where COOH denotes the carboxyl group and R denotes the remainder of the molecule to which this group is linked. There is a carbon in this carboxyl group that has a double connection with an oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydroxyl group.

The first four carboxylic acids derived from alkanes are methanoic acid (HCOOH), ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), propanoic acid (C2H5COOH) and butanoic acid (C3H7COOH).

The general structure of a carboxylic acid is illustrated below.

From the illustration provided above, it can be observed that a carboxylic acid contains a hydroxyl group attached to a carbonyl carbon. Due to the electronegativity of the oxygen atom, this functional group can undergo ionization and discharge a proton.

The carboxylate ion, produced from the removal of a proton from the carboxyl group, is stabilized by the presence of two oxygen atoms (through which the negative charge can move). Some common examples of carboxylic acids include acetic acid (a component of vinegar) and Formic acid.Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

Generally, these organic compounds are referred to by their trivial names, which contain the suffix “-ic acid”. An example of a trivial name for a carboxylic acid is acetic acid (CH3COOH). In the IUPAC nomenclature of these compounds, the suffix “-oic acid” is assigned.

The guidelines that must be followed in the IUPAC nomenclature of carboxylic acids are listed below.

  1. The suffix “e” in the name of the corresponding alkane is replaced with “oic acid”.
  2. When the aliphatic chain contains only one carboxyl group, the carboxylic carbon is always numbered one. For example, CH3COOH is named as ethanoic acid.
  3. When the aliphatic chain contains more than one carboxyl group, the total number of carbon atoms is counted and the number of carboxyl groups is represented by Greek numeral prefixes such as “di-”, “tri-“, etc.
  4. A carboxylic acid is named by adding these prefixes and suffixes to the parent alkyl chain. Arabic numerals are used for indicating the positions of the carboxyl group.
  5. The name “carboxylic acid” or “carboxy” can also be assigned for a carboxyl substituent on a carbon chain. An example of such nomenclature is the name 2-carboxyfuran for the compound 2-Furoic acid.
  6. Carboxylic Acid Examples

Some examples describing the nomenclature of carboxylic acids as per IUPAC guidelines are provided below.

Trivial Name and Formula

IUPAC Name of the Carboxylic Acid

Formic acid, H-COOH

Methanoic acid

Crotonic acid, CH3CH=CH-COOH

But-2-enoic acid

Carbonic acid, OH-COOH

Carbonic acid

Butyric acid, CH3(CH2)2COOH

Butanoic acid

Properties of Carboxylic Acids

Most of the properties of carboxylic acids are a result of the presence of the carboxyl group. Some physical and chemical properties of these compounds are discussed in this subsection.

  1. Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
  • Carboxylic acid molecules are polar due to the presence of two electronegative oxygen atoms.
  • They also participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of the carbonyl group (C=O) and the hydroxyl group.
  • When placed in nonpolar solvents, these compounds form dimers via hydrogen bondingbetween the hydroxyl group of one carboxylic acid and the carbonyl group of the other.

  • The solubility of compounds containing the carboxyl functional group in water depends on the size of the compound. The smaller the compound (the shorter the R group), the higher the solubility.
  • The boiling point of a carboxylic acid is generally higher than that of water.
  • These compounds have the ability to donate protons and are therefore Bronsted-Lowry acids.
  • They generally have a strong sour smell. However, their esters have pleasant odours and are therefore used in perfumes.
  1. Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
  • A carboxylic acid can be reduced to an alcohol by treating it with hydrogen to cause a hydrogenation reaction.

Upon reaction with alcohols, these compounds yield esters

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