Course Content
Matter
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Define matter 2.Explain state of matter 3.Distinguish between physical and chemical changes 4.Explain the gas laws
0/4
Introduction
States of Matter
Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
The Gas Laws
Atoms , Elements and Compounds
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to; 1.Define Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 2.Describe the structure of an atom 3.Describe how to determine the Atomic number ,Mass number and Isotopes
0/3
Introduction
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure of Isotopes
The Periodic Table
OBECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to : 1.State the historical contribution on development of the periodic table 2.Explain the periodic trends of elements and their compounds 3.State the diagonal relationships of the periodic table
0/3
Introduction
Families of the Periodic Table
The Periodic Trends
The S-Block Element
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Explain the chemistry of group I and II elements 2.State the application of group I and two elements and their compounds
0/4
Introduction
Electronic Configuration of S-Block Elements
Physical Properties of S-Block Elements
Chemical Properties of S-Block Elements
Chemical Bonds
OBJECTIVES By the end of these topic, the trainee should be able to 1.Identify different types of bonds 2.Describe their properties
0/2
Introduction
Types and Properties of Chemical Bonds
Chemical Equilibrium
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define chemical equilibria 2.Explain types of equilibria 3.Determine equilibrium constant 4.Describe factors affecting chemical equilibrium
0/6
Introduction
Measuring Equilibrium Rates
Equilibrium Basics
Types of equilibria
Predicting The Direction of a Reaction
Factors Affecting equilibrium
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Explain the aspects of organic chemistry 2.Describe hydrocarbons 3.Classify organic molecules explain chemical reactions of simple organic molecules 4.Explain the properties , synthesis and uses of simple organic molecules
0/10
Introduction
Functional Groups
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkanols(Alcohols)
HaloAlkanes
Alkanals and Alkanones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines
Acids, Bases and Salts
OBJECTIVES By the end of this session , the trainee should be able to : 1.State properties of acids and bases 2.Differentiate between strong and weak acids 3.Explain types and properties of salts
0/2
Introduction
Properties Of Acids And Bases
PH Analysis
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define the term PH 2.Explain the basic theory of PH 3.State the relationship between PH and color change in indicators 4.Explain the term buffer solution 5.Describe the preparation of buffer solutions 6.State the application of buffer solutions
0/5
Introduction
Neutral, acidic and basic solutions
PH and Its Importance
Determination Of PH
Buffer Solutions
Sampling and Sample Preparation
OBJECTIVE By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to : 1.Define the terms used in sample preparation 2.State the importance of sampling 3.Describe the techniques of sampling 4.Describe the procedure for sample pre-treatment 5.State sample storage methods
0/5
Introduction
Types of Samples and Sampling
Sample preparation
Sample Losses During Preparation
Sample Identification and Storage
Separation Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic , the trainee should be able to : 1.Define separation, extraction and purification 2.Describe the separation , extraction and purification techniques 3.Explain the methods of determining purity of substances
0/2
Introduction
Separation Techniques
Heating and Cooling Techniques
OBJECTIVES To identify various techniques used for heating and cooling substances in the laboratory
Heating and Cooling Techniques
OBJECTIVES To identify various techniques used for heating and cooling substances in the laboratory
0/1
Heating and Cooling Techniques used in the lab
Distillation Techniques
By end of this topic, Trainee should be able to : 1. Define distilation 2. State and explain various distillation techniques 3. Outline Various distillation techniques 4. Outline the applications of Distillation techniques
0/3
Introduction
Types of Distillation Techniques 
Distillation and Reflux Condensers
Crystallization Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to: 1.To define crystallization 2.To describe crystallization process 3.To carry out crystallization procedure
0/1
Crystallization Technique
Solvent Extraction Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to 1.Define solvent extraction 2.Explain terms used in solvent extraction 3.Describe methods of solvent extraction 4.Describe selection of appropriate solvents for solvent extraction 5.Determine distribution ration 6.Outline factors actors influencing the extraction efficiency 7.Describe Soxhlet extraction
0/1
Introduction
Chromatography Techniques
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to: 1.Define chromatography techniques 2.Explain terms used in chromatography techniques 3.Describe principles of chromatography techniques 4.Explain types of chromatography techniques 5.Carry out chromatography experiments 6.Determine RF factor 7.Outline electrophoresis
0/6
Introduction to Chromatography Techniques
Types of Chromatography Techniques
Thin Layer Chromatography
Column Chromatography
Retardation Factor (Rf)
Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Titrimetric Analysis
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms used in titrimetric analysis 2.Describe types of titrimetric analysis 3.Balance chemical reactions 4.Work out calculations involved in titrimetric analysis
0/6
Introduction
Requirements For Titrimetric Analysis
Titration procedure:
Molarity
Apparatus for titrimetric analysis
Classification Of Reactions In Titrimetrlc Analysis
Redox Titration
Redox Titration is a laboratory method of determining the concentration of a given analyte by causing a redox reaction between the titrant and the analyte. Redox titration is based on an oxidation-reduction reaction between the titrant and the analyte. It is one of the most common laboratory methods used to identify the concentration of unknown analytes. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction. The key features of reduction and oxidation are discussed below.
0/5
Introduction
The oxidation number 
Balancing Redox Reactions
Examples Of Redox Titration
Standardization of Redox solutions
Complexiometric Titration
omplexometric Titration or chelatometry is a type of volumetric analysis wherein the colored complex is used to determine the endpoint of the titration. The method is particularly useful for determination of the exact number of a mixture of different metal ions, especially calcium and magnesium ions present in water in solution .
0/5
Introduction to Complexiometric Titration
EDTA titration
Types of EDTA titrations
EDTA titration experiment 
Mechanism of action of indicator:
Gravimetric Analysis
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define gravimetric analysis 2.Describe the principles of gravimetric analysis 3.Describe the steps involved in gravimetric analysis 4.Explain factors affecting gravimetric analysis 5.Describe the equipments and apparatus used in gravimetric analysis 6.Carry out gravimetric analysis
0/8
Introduction
Principles Of Gravimetric Analysis
Determination of Mass in gravimetric analysis
Factors Affecting Separation Of Metals And Compounds
Preparation of pure precipitates
Example of gravimetric Analysis
Gravimetric Calculations
Draft Lesson
Calorimetric Analysis
OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to: 1.Define terms and units used in thermochemistry 2.Determine enthalpy changes in chemical reactions 3.Determine heat capacity and specific heat capacity 4.Compare calorific values of different materials 5.Determine different heat reactions 6.Apply law of conservation of energy and Hess law in thermochemical calculations
0/4
Introduction
Calorimetry
Heat Capacity
Enthalpy of Phase Transitions
Chemistry Techniques for Science Laboratory Technicians
About Lesson

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Types of Distillation Techniques 

Simple Distillation: 

 Simple distillation is used to separate and collect solvent from a solution of solutes, or in a mixture of two different liquids with different boiling points by use of heat.

 Simple distillation is used for a mixture in which the boiling point of the components differ by at least 158°F (70°C). In this process, the liquids are separated by evaporating and capturing them at various cooling points by use of a condenser.

Simple distillation works the same as that of evaporation. The only difference is that a closed distillation flask is used to hold the mixture to be heated, with an opening/tube connected to a condenser.

As water-acetone mixture is heated, water boil and changes into water vapor gas. Since hot air rises and cold air sinks, the hot acetone vapor moves to the top of the flask and passes into the condenser.

The tubes on the condenser are attached to a water source, with the water flowing in through the lower end and flowing out through the higher end of the condenser. This creates a cooler surface for the hot acetone vapor to condense on. As the condenser is tilted downwards towards the collecting container at the end of the setup, the condensed acetone flows and drips into the collecting container.

Applications of simple distillation:  

  1. Separation of acetone and water.
  2. Distillation of alcohol.

Fractional distillation 

Fractional distillation is used to separate miscible liquids with different but very close boiling point. This method is more efficient than simple distillation.

Fractionating column is used to separate constituents whose volatility is nearly similar or differs by 77°F (25°C, at 1 atmosphere pressure) and which cannot be separated by simple distillation.

A fractionating column is introduced between the distillation flask and the condenser. A simple fractionating column is a tube packed with glass beads. The beads provide surface for the vapors to cool and condense repeatedly.

The upper portion of the column, which is closer to the condenser, is cooler than the lower portion and hence, only gases with the same temperature as the upper portion are allowed to pass on to the condenser. On the other hand, the gases with higher boiling points will condense and flow back to the bottom into the distillation flask, and is heated into a gas again. At the end, liquid with the lowest boiling point will be the first to boil and hence the first to be distilled out and collected.

When vapors of a mixture are passed through the fractionating column, because of the repeated condensation and evaporation, the vapors of the liquid with the lower boiling point first pass out of the fractionating column, condense and are collected in the receiver flask. The other liquid, with a slightly higher boiling point, can be collected in similar fashion in another receiver flask.

 It is a more effective and easier to use process, compared to simple distillation method. It is, however, relatively expensive than any other types of distillation. 

                       Applications:

  1. Separation of different fractions from petroleum products.
  2. Separation of a mixture of methanol and ethanol.

Double distillation 

Double distillation is a process of repeating distillation of the collected liquid, in order to enhance the purity of the separated compounds. This method can be used to obtain pure drinking water out of hard or contaminated water and also used to make homemade perfumes, liquor, and soaps.


Steam distillation 

 Steam distillation is used for the purification of mixtures in which the components are heat sensitive; for example, organic compounds.

 In this process, steam is introduced to the apparatus and the temperature of the compounds are depressed, by vaporizing them at lower temperature. This way, the heat sensitive compounds are separated before decomposition.

The vapors are collected and condensed in the same way as other distillation types. The resultant liquid consists of two part, water and compound, which is then purified by using simple distillation..

The process requires some initial training and skill to operate the equipment. It also requires periodic maintenance. Steam distillation is widely used for large-scale separation of essential oils, fats, waxes, and perfumes.

Vacuum distillation 

Vacuum distillation is a special method of separating compounds at pressure lower than the standard atmospheric pressure. Under this condition, the compounds boil below their normal boiling temperature. Hence, vacuum distillation is best suited for separation of compounds with higher boiling points (more than 392°F), which tend to decompose at their boiling temperature.

 Vacuum distillation can be conducted without heating the mixture, as is usually followed in other distillation types. For the separation of some aromatic compounds, vacuum distillation is used along with steam distillation. When vacuum distillation is combined with fractional distillation method, components of a mixture get separated very easily.

Continuous distillation 

Continuous distillation is an ongoing separation process in which a liquid mixture of two or more miscible components are continuously fed into the process and  allowed to continue physically separating++ into two or more products by preferentially boiling the more volatile components out of the mixture. Large-scale, continuous distillation is very commonly used in the chemical process industries where large quantities of liquids have to be distilled, as in petroleum refining,  natural gas processing,  petrochemical production, hydrocarbon solvents production, coal tar processing, the liquefaction of gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and helium), and other low-temperature processing.

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