Course Content
Laboratory Design and Layout
In this topic. we will; 1.Discuss the importance of laboratory design and layout. 2.Describe standards for a good science laboratory. 3.Describe the essential features of a prep room and a laboratory store. 4.Describe the basic laboratory services
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INTRODUCTION
Laboratory Siting
A standard Laboratory
A Laboratory Store
Laboratory Surfaces,Ventilation and Lighting
Laboratory Fittings
Laboratory Safety and Housekeeping
Objectives To highlight the importance of laboratory housekeeping practices and how its proper integration into laboratory management can: 1.Create order and good organization 2.Increase safety 3.Increase efficiency 4.In this chapter, we will discuss 5.The importance of laboratory housekeeping 6.Ways of enhancing good laboratory housekeeping practices
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Why Safety?
Basic Laboratory Safety Rules
Safety While using Laboratory Chemicals and Reagents
Personal Protective Equipments
OBJECTIVES The objective of this topic is to highlight the importance of protective equipment’s and how its proper integration into laboratory management can to reduce: 1.Injury and deaths to laboratory users 2.Contamination of laboratory reagents and specimens  In this chapter, we will 1.Discuss the importance of laboratory protective equipment. 2.Describe the various types of laboratory protective equipment 3.Describe how to use laboratory protective equipment’s. 4.Describe how to care for laboratory protective equipment’s
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INTRODUCTION
Qualities of Good PPEs
Types of PPEs
Laboratory Hazards
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to highlight the importance of laboratory hazards, how to identify and get rid (or minimize) of them from the laboratory. In this chapter, we will 1.Describe the various types of laboratory hazards and. 2.Describe causes of laboratory hazards 3.Describe the general ways to avoid laboratory hazards.
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INTRODUCTION
Classification of Laboratory Hazards
Physical Hazards
Cryogenic and Commpressed Gas Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Radiation Hazards
Electric Hazards
Biological Hazards
Fire Hazards
First Aid
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to prepare you as a first aider, psychologically and emotionally, as well as by giving practical advice on what you should and should not do in a laboratory emergency. After studying the material in this chapter, you will be able to: 1.Define first aid 2.Recognize the reasons why first aid is given 3.Manage an emergency situation safely 4.Assess the sick or injured persons. 5.Identify general directions for giving first aid
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INTRODUCTION
Objectives and Importance Of First Aid
Scope Of First Aid
First Aider and First Aid Training
First Aids For Cuts and Wounds
First Aid For Fractures
First Aid For Burns and Scalds
Poisoning
Suffocation , Shock and Asphyxia
Eye Injuries
Nose Bleeding
First Aid Box
First Aid Room
Laboratory Apparatus
This topic focuses on the importance of handling, care and cleaning of laboratory wares. In this chapter, we will 1.Classify the various laboratory wares. 2.Discuss use of various laboratory wares 3.Describe various cleaning methods for various laboratory stains 4.Describe the various laboratory cleaning agents
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INTRODUCTION
Classification of Laboratory Apparatus
Laboratory Cleaning
OBJECTIVES The objective of this topic is to learn the importance of ensuring general and overall cleanness of laboratory items and surfaces. In this chapter, we will: 1.Discuss the various types of dirt and stains. 2.Discuss the general methods of cleaning laboratory apparatus and surfaces. 3.Describe various types cleaning agents used for cleaning laboratory items. 4.Outline preparation of laboratory cleaning agents. 5.Discuss various methods used in sterilization and disinfections of laboratory items.
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INTRODUCTION
General Procedure for Cleaning Laboratory Items 
Common Obstinate Stains
Cleaning Reagents for Special Obstinate Stains
Cleaning of Common Lab Chemical Stains 
Cleaning of Special Glassware
Chemical and Biological Cleaning of Laboratory Wares
Sterilization Techniques
Sterilization, also called biological cleaning is a bit more involving than chemical cleaning. This is because it involves total killing of microorganism’s present on the apparatus. There are two methods used in sterilization. 1.Physical methods 2.Chemical methods
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Physical Sterilization Methods
Dry Heat Sterilization
Moist Heat Sterilization
UV and Membrane Filtration
Disinfectants
Laboratory Waste Management
OBJECTIVES This chapter presents methods for the management and ultimate disposal of laboratory waste that may present as hazards. The objectives of these chapter are b.To identify types of laboratory wastes c.To identify sources of laboratory wastes d.To describe methods of managing laboratory wastes
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INTRODUCTION
Reducing , Reusing and Recycling Wastes
Laboratory Waste Disposal Procedures
Laboratory Chemicals and Reagents
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this chapter are to learn the importance of proper handling, preparation, storage and disposal of laboratory chemicals and reagents. In this chapter, we will 1.Discuss the various categories of laboratory reagents. 2.Discuss the general storage guidelines for laboratory chemicals. 3.Describe in details the various methods of handling, storage, and disposal of laboratory chemicals. 4.Discuss how to segregate non compatible laboratory chemicals. 5.Discuss the basic terms and concepts of preparing Solutions. 6.Describe how to prepare various laboratory reagents and solutions
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INTRODUCTION
Classification of Laboratory Reagents
Safe Storage Of Laboratory Chemicals
General Storage Guidelines
Chemical Storage
Handling , Storage and Disposal of Chemicals
Laboratory Solution Preparation
OBJECTIVES The objectives of these topic are: 1.To define terms used in solution preparation 2.To prepare various concentrations of solutions 3.To prepare bench reagents
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INTRODUCTION
Moles and Molarity
Percent Solutions
Laboratory Equipments
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter are to give a better understanding of the technical requirements regarding installation, use and maintenance of various types of equipment which play an important role in performing laboratory tests. In this chapter, we will 1.Identify the various types of laboratory equipment’s 2.Discuss the use of the equipments. 3. Describe the components of the equipments. 4.Discuss the operational mechanisms of the equipments 5.Outline the general care and maintenance for the equipments
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Weighing Balances
Microscopes
Colorimeters and Spectrophotometers
Centrifuges
Refrigerators
Autoclaves
PH Meter
Water Distillers
Ovens , Incubators and Muffle Furnaces
Microtomes , Mixers and Shakers
Water bath, Burners and Hot plates
Flame Photometer
Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Laboratory Animals
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to give a better understanding of the technical requirements regarding handling, care and maintained of various laboratory animals In this chapter, we will; 1. Identify the various types of laboratory animals. 2.Discuss the general care and handling of laboratory animals. 3. Describe the various methods of restraining and humane killing laboratory animals 4.Discuss care of specific disease free (SPF)and Gnotobiotic animals
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INTRODUCTION
Laboratory Animal House
Nesting Materials
Feeding and Hygiene
Disease and Pest Control
Care During Weekends and Holidays
Care and Handling of Specific Lab Animals and Specimen
Handling and Restraining Lab Animals
Bleeding Procedure For a Rabbit Ear
Humane Killing
Conventional and Specific Pathogen free Animals
Gnotobiotic Animals
Cryogenic Technology
Cryogens are substances (liquids or fluids) usually at very extreme low temperatures (below –150 °C, –238 °F or 123 K). Cryogenic technology can be defined as the study of the production of low temperature fluids, measurements at low temperatures, and behavior of these materials at low temperature and how to produce them. It is also concerned with the application of low temperature processes and techniques
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INTRODUCTION
Examples of Cryogenic Fluids
Applications Of Cryogens
Hazards Associated with Cryogens
Production of Cryogens
Storage of Cryogens
Transportation of Cryogens
Glass Blowing Technology
OBJECTIVES In this chapter, we will 1.Define the term glassblowing 2.Discuss importance of glassblowing in the laboratory 3.Describe composition and properties of glass used for glassblowing 4.Describe various tools used for glassblowing 5.Describe glass blowing techniques used in making simple glass apparatus 6.Discuss various conditions encountered in glass blowing 7.Discuss how to correct conditions encountered in glass blowing
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INTRODUCTION
Types and Chemistry of Glasses
Properties of Glass
Glass blowing process
A Glass Blowing Room
General Procedures for Making Glass
Making simple glass Apparatus in the Laboratory
Glass Annealing Process
Blooms and Devitrification process
Vacuum Technology
OBJECTIVES In this chapter, we will 1.Define the term vacuum and degrees of vacuum 2.Discuss types of vacuum system 3.Describe how vacuum is created 4.Describe various types of vacuum pumps 5.Describe instruments for measuring vacuums 6.Discuss leaks and leaks detection in vacuum systems 7.Discuss materials used in vacuum system construction 8.Discuss vacuum cleaning techniques 9.Discuss applications of vacuums
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INTRODUCTION
Vacuum Levels
Types of Vacuum Systems
How to create a vacuum
Vacuum pumps
Vacuum Gauges
Vacuum Leaks
Vacuum Leak Detection
Components of A Vacuum system
Applications of Vacuums
Vacuum Cleaning Techniques
Photographic Technology
Photography simply means writing, drawing or printing with light. Light is therefore most fundamental in photography because without it then no photographs will be produced. Light is a form of energy, it’s a source of all colors and its composed of different wavelengths, those that are of importance in photography are those that fall within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectra because they can be perceived by the human eye. These are composed of different colors e.g. red, blue green yellow orange etc.
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INTRODUCTION
Overview of Photography
Principles of Photography
The Camera
Light,Lens and Images
The light Sensitive Material
The Shutter and Aperture
The Film and The Exposure
Film Processing
Printing
The dark room
Print Processing
Digital Cameras
Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Photography
Projectors
Laboratory Inventory Management
OBJECTIVES The objective of this chapter is to give a better understanding of good inventory management practices . In this chapter, we will: 1.Describe the importance of good laboratory stock management practices 2.Define the various terms used in inventory management 3.Discuss ways to monitor, control and record laboratory stock
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INTRODUCTION
Store and StoreKeeping
Store and StoreKeeping
Stock Levels
Classification and Codification
Inventory System
Stock taking, Stock checking and Stock auditing
Purchasing of Laboratory Items
Documents Used in Purchasing and Receiving Goods
Laboratory Inspection
The laboratory inspection is the safety audit of the conditions and operations that occur on a daily basis in a specific laboratory. Laboratory inspections are conducted at least annually to ensure safety and compliance with all applicable lab safety regulations and guidelines. These inspections are also intended to provide a formal opportunity for laboratory personnel to ask questions regarding any aspect of lab safety in order to improve overall compliance. Laboratory inspectors need to have a greater understanding of safe laboratory operations. The lab inspector needs a higher level of laboratory safety training to be able to recognize problem areas and be able to ask questions and eliminate the hazards.
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INTRODUCTION
Laboratory Inspection Procedure
Pre- inspection procedure
What to do and not do during Inspection day
What Inspectors Should /Should not Do during inspection day
Post-Inspection Procedure
Laboratory Management
The objectives of this topic are to; 1.Describe what management is. 2.Explain the primary functions of management. 3.Describe the primary types of managers and the roles they play.
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INTRODUCTION
Principles of Laboratory Management
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this topic are to; 1.Describe what management is. 2.Explain the primary functions of management. 3.Describe the primary types of managers and the roles they play.
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Introduction
Is Management a Science or an Art?
Levels Of Management
Roles of Managers
Managerial skills
Schools and Theories of Management
The objectives of this topic are 1. To understand the way in which management thought has evolved in the West since 1900; 2. To appreciate how these 'theories' may be applied today; 3. To compare and contrast the various theories presented
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INTRODUCTION
Introduction To Theories of Management
Classical Management Theories 
Scientific Management Theories
Administrative Management (Henri Fayol):
Bureaucratic management theory
Neo-classical theory
Management Functions
OBJECTIVES 1. To describe the process of management's five functions: planning, organizing, staffing. leading, and controlling.
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INTRODUCTION
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Controlling
Delegation
Delegation is the process by which managers assign a portion of their total workload to others. It includes assigning formal authority and responsibility for completion of specific activities.
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INTRODUCTION
Reasons For Delegating
Principles of Delegating
Barriers to delegation
Line and Staff Relationship
The line and staff relationship is a form of organizational structure that exists in many companies. It refers to the relationship between line departments (also known as line units) and staff departments (also known as staff units).
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Line and Staff
Centralization and Decentralization
This refers to the extent to which decision-making power and authority is dispersed to lower levels. It also refers to the degree of delegation of duties, power and authority to lower levels of an organization.
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INTRODUCTION
Span of Control
Span of control management refers to the number of subordinates who report directly to a given superior.
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INTRODUCTION
Leadership
Leadership is an important aspect of management and the ability to lead is one of the keys to being an effective manager. Leadership is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward achievement of group goals. Effective leaders must be able to influence the thoughts and behavior of others towards the accomplishment of some goals or goal.
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Leaders and Managers
Types of Leaders
Leadership Styles
Motivation
One of the most important functions of management is to create willingness amongst the employees to perform in the best of their abilities. Therefore the role of a leader is to arouse interest in performance of employees in their jobs through motivating them to act in the desired direction.
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INTRODUCTION
Types ,Factors Influencing and Ways for Enhancing Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Effective Communication
Effective communication is a process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge and information such that the purpose or intention is fulfilled in the best possible manner.
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Introduction
Characteristics of Effective Communication
Skills required for effective communication process
Significance of Effective Communication
Draft Lesson
Management Styles
OBJECTIVES The objectives of these topic are 1.Define the various types of management styles. 2.To discuss pros and cons of management styles. 3. Explain how we can determine which style to use in a variety of situations.
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INTRODUCTION
Management By Objectives
Management By Exception
Management By Crisis
Labor Laws and Industrial Relationships
Labor laws refers to rules and regulations are put in place to govern the working relationship and protect the rights of employers and workers by clearly stipulating the obligations and responsibilities of each party to the employment. They are enforced by the Kenyan government agencies to ensure that there is harmony in the workplace
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Meaning and Definition of labor laws
Labor Laws
Industrial Relationships
Importance and Effects of Poor Industrial Relations
Industrial Disputes
Trade unions
Employers Union
The Industrial Court
Woodwork Workshop Practice
Woodwork, also known as woodworking, is the craft or skill of creating objects or structures from wood using various tools and techniques. Woodwork encompasses a wide range of activities, from simple woodworking projects to complex furniture making and carpentry. It combines both practical skills and creativity to transform raw wood into functional or decorative items.
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INTRODUCTION
Types of Timber
Seasoning of Timber
Defects of Timber
Preservation of Timber
Woodwork joints
Woodwork Finishing
Woodwork Tools
Metalwork Workshop Practice
Metalwork refers to the craft or skill of working with metal to create objects, structures, or components. It involves various processes, techniques, and tools to shape, manipulate, and join metal materials.
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INTRODUCTION
Common  Metals used in Metal work
Metalwork Processes
Metal Joining Processes
Metalwork Tools
Plastics
Plastics are a group of synthetic materials made from polymers, which are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. Plastics have a wide range of applications due to their versatility, durability, lightweight nature, and ability to be molded into various shapes.
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INTRODUCTION
Classification of Plastics
Thermoplastics
Thermosetting plastics
Common types of Plastics
Laboratory Practice and Management
About Lesson

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THE CAMERA

The camera is a device to capture an image on a desired medium. The basic principles between all cameras are the same. The basic parts are: lens, iris, shutter and the medium and sometimes filters. The lens gathers light from the selected image and focuses the light on to the medium.

 

Parts of a camera

TYPES OF CAMERAS

The Simple Camera

A simple camera consists of:

(a) A light tight box with a lens

(b) A shutter to admit light briefly to the film

(c) A film cassette (a compartment for film)

Most simple cameras have a fixed forces lens that is built in front of the camera. This is not variable and it’s only set maximum overall sharpness of the image i.e. you cannot adjust the lens to move the object closer or away from the point of focus.

Behind the lens, is a shutter consisting of movable blades or rotating disks, which protect the film from light until when it is necessary. They open when the shutter is pressed and these when light is allowed to reach or fall briefly on the film surface.

Simple cameras have a limitation, which includes;

(i) View finder error

(ii)  Fixed distance of focus images not being sharp due to their cheap or poor quality lens

(iii) Enlarged photographs are generally of poor quality

 Rangefinder Camera

                    

As camera and lens technology developed and wide aperture lenses became more common, rangefinder cameras were introduced to make focusing more precise. Early rangefinders had two separate viewfinder windows, one of which is linked to the focusing mechanisms and moved right or left as the focusing ring is turned. The two separate images are brought together on a ground glass viewing screen. When vertical lines in the object being photographed meet exactly in the combined image, the object is in focus. A normal composition viewfinder is also provided. Later the viewfinder and rangefinder were combined. Many rangefinder cameras had interchangeable lenses, each lens requiring its own range- and viewfinder linkages.

Rangefinder cameras were produced in half- and full-frame 35 mm and rollfim (medium format)

Single-Lens Reflex Camera

In the single-lens reflex camera, the photographer sees the scene through the camera lens. This avoids the problem of parallax, which occurs when the viewfinder or viewing lens is separated from the taking lens. Single-lens reflex cameras have been made in severalformats including sheet film 5×7″ and 4×5″, roll film 220/120 taking 8, 10, 12 or 16 photographs on a 120 roll and twice that number of a 220 film. These correspond to 6×9, 6×7, 6×6 and 6×4.5 respectively (all dimensions in cm). However, the most common format of SLR cameras has been 35 mm and subsequently the migration to digital SLR cameras, using almost identical sized bodies and sometimes using the Same Lens Systems.

Almost all SLR cameras used a front surfaced mirror in the optical path to direct the light from the lens via a viewing screen and pentaprism to the eyepiece. At the time of exposure the mirror flipped up out of the light path before the shutter opened

  Twin-Lens Reflex

Twin-lens reflex cameras used a pair of nearly identical lenses, one to form the image and one as a viewfinder.

The lenses were arranged with the viewing lens immediately above the taking lens. The viewing lens projects an image onto a viewing screen, which can be seen from above.

The advantage of a TLR was that it could be easily focused using the viewing screen and that under most circumstances the view seen in the viewing screen was identical to that recorded on film

At close distances however, parallax errors were encountered and some cameras also included an indicator to show what part of the composition would be excluded. These cameras take films that significantly smaller than 35 mm.

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