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FIRST AID

1. Define the term first aid

First aid is the immediate and temporary treatment given to a victim of accident or sudden illness using facilities or materials available at the time before disposal of the victim or casualty to the hospital if necessary for medical treatment.

2. Describe the responsibilities of a first aider

• Assess the situation quickly and calmlyto get an understanding of what happened. This involves determining whether anyone is in danger, the cause of the situation, and how many people are affected.
• Comfort, reassure, stay calm and take charge.You should introduce yourself to the casualty, explain what’s happening and why, and explain what you’re going to do before you do it.
• Protect yourself and the casualty from any danger.You should always protect yourself first and only move the casualty if leaving them would cause more harm. If you are unable to make an area safe, call 999 for emergency help.
• Prevent infection between you and them.You should wash your hands or use hand sanitiser, wear disposable gloves, and not cough or sneeze over a casualty.
• Assess the casualty. If there are multiple casualties, you must help those with life-threatening injuries or conditions first.
• Give first aid treatment, such as CPR or applying pressure to bleeding wounds. Life-threatening injuries and conditions must be prioritised before giving treatment to less serious cases.
• Arrange for the right kind of help.Call 999 for an ambulance if it’s serious, or take/send them to a hospital if it’s serious but unlikely to get any worse. For less serious conditions, suggest they see a doctor if they are concerned or if the condition worsens. You should always stay with them until you can leave them in the right care.

3. Describe the characteristics of  a good  first aider

• Communication Skills

If you are able to communicate effectively with the injured person, they will be much more likely to trust you and feel reassured. You will calm their sense of panic and make the situation a lot easier for you both. Having strong communication skills is also advantageous should you have to relay important information to the emergency services.

• The Ability to Work Under Pressure

The demands of a first aider can range anywhere from something simple, like a cut finger, to something a lot more serious, like a cardiac arrest. As a first aider you must be prepared for all possibilities, and know how to react quickly to the situation.  You must keep calm – panicking will only make the situation worse – and be able to work effectively under pressure.

• Initiative and Leadership

In an emergency, time can often play a crucial part in the outcome. Being able to act quickly, take the lead, use your initiative and trust your judgement are all vital skills.

• The Ability to Work in a Team

As well as being able to lead, it is important that you can work effectively in a team. You may have to work alongside the emergency services, and being able to co-operate with them is vital.

• Positivity

Someone who always sees the glass as half full rather than half empty is a prime candidate for a first aider. Positivity will help you to reassure the injured person and prevent yourself from quickly becoming mentally drained while on the job.

4. State five aims of first aid in the laboratory

• Preserve life.
• Prevent the escalation of illness or injury.
• Promote recovery.
• Provide pain relief.
• Protect the unconscious.

5. In the event of an accident, health-related or other emergency, appropriate first aid and an emergency response plan should be initiated. What are appropriate circumstances for using first-aid equipment and an initial response plan that you should follow?

First aid should be administered, if possible, to a person who is injured or ill to prevent death or further injury until professional medical help arrives, only if this poses no threat to yourself. This includes removal of the victim from the source of the injury and control of life- threatening conditions such as bleeding or shock and lack of breathing or heartbeat. In the case of an accident or emergency health problems you should immediately call 999

6. Explain the term ‘flash point temperature’ and how it influences flammability of substances.

Flash point temperature is the lowest temperatures at which the vapor above the liquid can be ignited in air and therefore have high risk of catching fire. Substances with extremely low flash point temperatures are at extremely high risk of catching fire than those having high flash point temperature.

7. Explain the first aid for burn and a scald  

• Irrigate with plenty of water  preferably in a shower room  and remove the clothes from the area as possible  
• Wash with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃,(for acidic burns) or 5% NH₄CL  solution, boric acid  or 2% acetic acid (for alkali burns)
• Cover the area with a piece of bandage
• Dispose the victim to the hospital

 

8. State four signs of third degree burn

Third-degree burns are severe burns that penetrate through all layers of the skin and can also affect underlying tissues. Here are four signs or characteristics commonly associated with third-degree burns:

• Charred or White Appearance: Third-degree burns often appear charred, leathery, or have a white, waxy appearance. The burned area may have a dry and tough texture due to the destruction of skin cells and underlying tissues.
• Absence of Pain: Third-degree burns typically result in the loss of sensation in the burned area. This is because the burn has damaged nerve endings, reducing or eliminating the ability to feel pain. However, there may be pain present at the edges or surrounding areas of the burn.
• Lack of Blistering: Unlike first-degree and second-degree burns, third-degree burns typically do not form blisters. This is because the burn has destroyed the deeper layers of the skin, including the sweat glands and hair follicles, which are responsible for producing the fluid that forms blisters.
• Charring or Blackened Skin: In some cases, third-degree burns can result in charring or blackening of the skin. This occurs when the burn extends deep into the underlying tissues, causing tissue death (necrosis) and carbonization of the skin.

It is important to note that third-degree burns are medical emergencies that require immediate professional medical attention. Severe burns can lead to complications such as infection, scarring, and damage to underlying structures. If you suspect a third-degree burn, it is crucial to seek medical help and follow proper first aid protocols, such as covering the burn with a clean, non-stick dressing, and avoiding the use of home remedies or ointments that can interfere with medical treatment.

 

9. Outline first aid for a chemical burn

First aid for a chemical burn should be initiated immediately to minimize the damage and provide relief to the affected individual. Here is an outline of the first aid steps for a chemical burn:

• Assess the Situation: Ensure your own safety before approaching the person with a chemical burn. Evaluate the nature of the chemical, its potential hazards, and any ongoing risks to yourself or others. Take necessary precautions, such as wearing protective gloves or eyewear, if available.
• Remove the Chemical Source: If it can be done safely, remove the person from the source of the chemical or move the source away from the person. This helps prevent further exposure and reduces the risk of additional burns.
• Flush with Water: Immediately rinse the affected area with large amounts of cool running water for at least 20 minutes. Use a gentle, continuous flow of water to remove the chemical from the skin. If possible, remove any clothing or jewelry that has come into contact with the chemical while rinsing.
• Remove Contaminated Clothing: Carefully remove any clothing or accessories that may be contaminated with the chemical. Cut away clothing if it adheres to the skin. Be cautious not to further injure the person or spread the chemical to other areas of their body.
• Call for Medical Assistance: Contact emergency medical services or seek professional medical help for the individual. Provide them with information about the chemical involved in the burn, if known. Follow any instructions provided by the emergency operator or medical professionals.
• Cover the Burn: After flushing the affected area, loosely cover the burn with a sterile non-stick dressing or clean cloth to protect it from dirt, debris, or further contamination. Avoid using adhesive bandages directly on the burn as they may stick to the wound and cause additional pain and damage.
• Manage Pain and Comfort: If the person is in pain, over-the-counter pain relief medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, may be given as directed, provided there are no contraindications. Avoid applying creams, ointments, or home remedies to the burn without medical advice, as they may interfere with subsequent medical treatment.

Remember, chemical burns can vary in severity, and more severe cases may require immediate professional medical attention. It is crucial to contact medical professionals promptly for proper evaluation, treatment, and management of chemical burns.

 

10. Outline the general treatment of wounds in the laboratory

When a wound occurs in a laboratory setting, it is essential to provide prompt and appropriate treatment to prevent infection and promote healing. Here is a general outline of the treatment for wounds in the laboratory:

• Assess the Situation: Assess the severity of the wound and determine if immediate medical attention is required. For minor wounds, you can proceed with initial treatment in the laboratory. However, for deep or severe wounds, or if there is excessive bleeding, seek medical help immediately.
• Wash Hands and Put on Gloves: Before providing treatment, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. Wear disposable gloves to prevent contamination of the wound and protect yourself from potential pathogens.
• Control Bleeding: If the wound is bleeding, apply gentle pressure using a clean cloth or sterile gauze pad. Maintain pressure until the bleeding stops or until medical help arrives for severe bleeding.
• Clean the Wound: Gently clean the wound using mild soap and warm water. Rinse the wound thoroughly to remove any debris or foreign objects. Avoid using harsh antiseptics or strong solutions as they can damage the tissue or delay wound healing.
• Apply Antiseptic or Antibiotic Ointment: After cleaning the wound, apply a thin layer of antiseptic or antibiotic ointment to prevent infection. Use a clean cotton swab or sterile applicator to avoid contaminating the wound further.
• Cover the Wound: Cover the wound with a sterile dressing or bandage to protect it from dirt, bacteria, and further injury. Ensure the dressing is non-stick and properly secured but not too tight to impede circulation. Change the dressing regularly or as needed to maintain cleanliness.
• Seek Medical Attention: Even for minor wounds, it is advisable to seek medical attention for professional evaluation and advice. A healthcare provider can assess the wound, determine the need for further treatment, and administer appropriate interventions such as sutures or antibiotics if necessary.
• Monitor for Signs of Infection: Keep a close eye on the wound for any signs of infection, such as increasing redness, swelling, warmth, or discharge. If infection is suspected, seek medical attention promptly.

Remember, the treatment of wounds may vary depending on the nature and severity of the injury.

11. State four routes of transmission of poison into the body

Poisons can enter the body through various routes of transmission. Here are four common routes of poison transmission:

• Ingestion: Ingestion refers to the process of consuming a toxic substance orally. This can occur by eating or drinking contaminated food or beverages, taking medications or substances not meant for ingestion, or intentionally ingesting poisonous substances. Examples include consuming household chemicals, poisonous plants, or contaminated food and drink.
• Inhalation: Inhalation occurs when toxic substances are inhaled into the respiratory system. This can happen by breathing in gases, fumes, mists, dust particles, or vapors that contain toxic chemicals. Industrial chemicals, gases released during fires, or airborne toxins, such as certain pesticides or solvents, can be inhaled and enter the bloodstream through the lungs.
• Absorption: Absorption refers to the penetration of toxic substances through the skin or mucous membranes. Skin contact with poisonous liquids, gases, or chemicals can result in absorption. Examples include exposure to corrosive acids or alkalis, pesticides, certain medications, or hazardous substances in the workplace.
• Injection: Injection involves the direct introduction of a toxic substance into the body through puncturing the skin. This can occur through the use of contaminated needles, syringes, or other sharp objects. Injected poisons can include drugs of abuse, venom from animal bites or stings, or certain medical treatments involving injections.

It is important to note that some substances can be toxic through multiple routes of transmission. The route of transmission can affect the speed of onset, severity of symptoms, and the appropriate first aid or medical interventions required. In cases of poisoning, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention and provide information about the suspected route of transmission to aid in appropriate treatment.

 

12. List four causes  of nose bleeding

• A nosebleed is the loss of blood from the tissue that lines the inside of your nose.
• The most common cause of nosebleeds is dry air. Dry air can be caused by hot, low-humidity climates or heated indoor air. Both environments cause the nasal membrane (the delicate tissue inside your nose) to dry out and become crusty or cracked and more likely to bleed when rubbed or picked or when blowing your nose.
• Other common causes of nosebleeds include:
• Nose picking.
• Colds (upper respiratory infections) and sinusitis, especially episodes that cause repeated sneezing, coughing and nose blowing.
• Blowing your nose with force.
• Inserting an object into your nose.
• Injury to the nose and/or face.
• Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal lining).
• Blood-thinning drugs (aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, warfarin, and others).
• Cocaine and other drugs inhaled through the nose.
• Chemical irritants (chemicals in cleaning supplies, chemical fumes at the workplace, other strong odors).
• High altitudes. The air is thinner (lack of oxygen) and drier as the altitude increases.
• Deviated septum (an abnormal shape of the wall that separates the two sides of the nose).
• Frequent use of nasal sprays and medications to treat itchy, runny or stuffy nose. These medications – antihistamines and decongestants – can dry out the nasal membranes.

13. Outline  the first aid steps  used in managing nose bleeding

• Ask the victim to Relax.

By Sitting  upright and leaning his body and  head slightly forward. This will keep the blood from running down your throat, which can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. (Do NOT lay flat or put your head between your legs.)

• Ask him to Breathe through his  mouth.
• Use a tissue or damp washcloth to catch the blood.
• Use his  thumb and index finger to pinch together the soft part of the  nose. Make sure to pinch the soft part of the nose against the hard bony ridge that forms the bridge of the nose. Squeezing at or above the bony part of the nose will not put pressure where it can help stop the bleeding.
• Keep pinching the nose continuously for at least 5 minutes (timed by clock) before checking if the bleeding has stopped. If the nose is still bleeding, continue squeezing the nose for another 10 minutes.
• If apply an ice pack to the bridge of your nose to further help constrict blood vessels (which will slow the bleeding) and provide comfort. This is not a necessary step, but you can try this if you want.
• After the bleeding stops, DO NOT bend over, strain and/or lift anything heavy.

14. List five symptoms shown by a person affected by electric shock.

• Tetany of the muscles
• Immediate loss of consciousness
• Lack of breathing
• Clumsy or cold skin

15. Describe the first aid procedure administered to a victim of electric shock.

• Disconnect the power supply source
• Push or pull away the victim from the power line or circuit using a dry stick
• If unconscious ,begin administering artificial respiration
• Keep warm and reassure the victim
• Deliver to hospital for treatment

16. .Name any four source of explosion in the laboratory.
    1. Improper handling, storage, and transportation of compressed gasses or cryogens
    2. Carrying out experiments likely to lead explosions without following instructions
    3. Reactions between incompatible chemicals in storage areas
    4. Improperly storing chemicals under conditions of direct heat, light etc..
17. Explain the proper use of the following items in a first aid box
    1. Castor oil  

An Aperient given to a victim of poisoning to remove the poison by diarrhea

1. Universal antidote

A substance consisting of 2 parts of activated charcoal: 1 part of magnesium oxide: 1 part of tannic acid mixed together. It is given to the victim when the nature of the poison taken cannot been established

1. Milk of magnesia

An antidote administered to render the poison harmless or to retard its absorption in the stomach  

1. Activated charcoal  

A universal antidote given to the victim poisoning when the nature of the poison taken cannot been established.

18. Outline first aid precautions given to a victim exposed to high doses of radiation

Exposure to high doses of radiation can be a serious medical emergency requiring immediate attention. Here are some general first aid precautions to consider for a victim exposed to high doses of radiation:

• Prioritize Personal Safety: Before providing first aid to a radiation-exposed victim, ensure your own safety. Assess the situation and consider any ongoing radiation hazards. If necessary, move the victim to a safe location away from the source of radiation, while minimizing your own exposure.
• Call for Medical Assistance: Contact emergency medical services or a radiation safety professional to seek immediate medical help for the victim. Provide them with detailed information about the radiation exposure incident and follow any instructions provided by the medical professionals
• Remove Contaminated Clothing: If the victim’s clothing is visibly contaminated with radioactive material, carefully remove it without directly touching the contaminated areas. Use gloves or other protective barriers to prevent contact with the radioactive material. Place the contaminated clothing in a designated area away from people and animals.
• Rinse Exposed Skin: If the victim’s skin is contaminated with radioactive material, gently wash the exposed areas with mild soap and running water. Avoid scrubbing the skin, as it may cause further irritation or damage. Use protective gloves while washing the victim’s skin and dispose of the contaminated water appropriately.
• Cover Wounds or Openings: If the victim has any open wounds or injuries, cover them with sterile dressings to prevent further contamination and reduce the risk of infection. Use appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and masks, while handling the dressings
• Provide Supportive Care: Monitor the victim’s vital signs and provide basic first aid support, such as maintaining an open airway, assisting with breathing if necessary, and controlling bleeding. Do not administer any specific antidotes or treatments without guidance from medical professionals.
• Prevent Spread of Contamination: Take precautions to prevent the spread of radioactive material. Establish a designated area for contaminated items and ensure proper labeling and isolation. Follow local regulations and guidance for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials.

Remember, radiation exposure requires prompt medical attention, and the specific first aid precautions may vary depending on the type and dose of radiation, as well as local regulations and protocols. It is crucial to seek professional medical help and follow their instructions for proper assessment, treatment, and decontamination of radiation-exposed individuals.

19. (a) Explain the term ‘wound’ 

A wound is a break in the continuity of the body surface (skin) which allows escape of blood and entry of microorganisms.

(b)  State the four types of wounds  

• Incised wounds
• Lacerated wound  
• Contused wound  
• Punctured would

(c) For each of the type of wounds named in (a) above, describe how it is caused at is characteristic

• Incised wounds – these are caused by  a cutting by  a sharp  edged object e.g. razorblade or knife or broken glass
• Lacerated wound – caused by rough object e.g. animal claws or a saw cutting into the skin. Such wounds are normally irregular  and have rough edges  and also usually not very deep
• Contused wound  –  caused by heavy object falling on the part of the body   thus damaging the underlying capillaries and hence causing bleeding  these wounds are normally swollen and open .bruises normally don’t show breakage on the affected skin surface
• Punctured would – they are caused by a sharp pointed instrument driven into the body e.g. a nail. these wounds are normally deep with a narrow opening

20. Differentiate between  
    1. Antidote an emetic

Emetic are substances given to induce vomiting and to rid the stomach off the poison e.g. mustard seeds, salt water, soapy water or foam, or raw egg.

Antidote is a substance administered to render the poison harmless or to retard its absorption in the stomach e.g. milk of magnesia for acid corrosion, vinegar or lemon juice for strong alkali

1. An aperient and demulcent

Aperient (or laxative) is a substance given to a victim of poisoning to remove the poison by diarrhea e.g. castor oil, olive oil etc.

Demulcent is substance given to a victim after the poison has  been removed . It sooths the inflamed membrane after the victim have been given an emetic and a laxative to induce vomiting or diarrhea it includes milk, water, raw white egg etc.

21.  Define the term  asphyxia  

Asphyxia is simply the deficiency of oxygen  in blood  or the condition in which there is lack of  oxygen in the lungs  and these arises from   lack of sufficient oxygen in the surrounding.

1. Explain causes of asphyxia

Asphyxia is caused by either poisoning, drowning, hanging or strangulation, blocked throat or suffocation.

1. Give  symptoms of asphyxia

Its symptoms include; rapid pulse rate which slows down thereafter, difficulties in breathing, dizziness, and fatigue unconsciousness swelling of the neck etc.

1. Give treatment of  asphyxia

Before treating for asphyxia, it is important to first know the cause of asphyxia and to remove the cause from the victim. Then administer artificial respiration immediately and if in case the lungs are damaged, send him to the hospital

22. Describe the first aid treatment given to a victim who has fallen unconscious due to smoky poisonous substance.

• Expose the poisoned victim to fresh air and let him stay there for a while.
• Administer artificial respiration immediately if breathing has stopped
• Keep the victim warm and quite
• Deliver the victim to hospital immediately if symptoms become worse

23. Describe the first aid administered to a student whose skin was accidentally exposed to liquid nitrogen in the laboratory

• Take him immediately to the shower room and sprinkle cold water to wipe away the cryogen
• Cover in warm clothing and something warm to drink
• Reassure the student
• Deliver to the hospital

24. Distinguish between open and closed fracture

When a fracture happens, it’s classified as either open or closed: Open fracture (also called compound fracture): The bone pokes through the skin and can be seen, or a deep wound exposes the bone through the skin. Closed fracture (also called simple fracture). The bone is broken, but the skin is intact.

25. Describe how mastard seed is administered as emetic

Mustard seed can be used as an emetic, which is a substance that induces vomiting. Here is a description of how mustard seed can be administered as an emetic:

• Preparation: Start by grinding or crushing mustard seeds into a fine powder. You can use a mortar and pestle or a grinder to achieve a powdered form. Ensure that the mustard seeds are fresh and free from any additives or contaminants.
• Mixing: Take a teaspoon of the powdered mustard seed and mix it with a glass of lukewarm water. Stir well to ensure that the powder is thoroughly dissolved in the water. The pungent compounds in the mustard seed, such as allyl isothiocyanate, are responsible for the emetic effect.
• Administration: Give the mustard seed mixture to the individual who needs to induce vomiting. It is important to note that the person should be conscious and able to swallow safely. Have them drink the mixture in a controlled manner to avoid choking or aspiration.
• Monitoring: After administering the mustard seed mixture, closely monitor the individual for signs of nausea or vomiting. It usually takes around 15-20 minutes for the emetic effect to take place. Stay with the person during this time to provide support and ensure their safety.
• Follow-Up Care: Once vomiting occurs, ensure the individual spits out the contents rather than swallowing it again. Offer them water to rinse their mouth and provide a comfortable and safe environment. If the person does not vomit within a reasonable time or if there are any concerns about their condition, seek medical attention promptly.

It is important to note that mustard seed-induced vomiting should only be used in emergency situations and under appropriate guidance. It is not recommended for routine use and should be administered with caution. If there is uncertainty or concern about inducing vomiting, it is always best to consult a healthcare professional or poison control center for advice.

 

26. Identify the characteristics of  the following poisoning in te laboratory

• Caustic poisoning

Ingestion of caustic or corrosive agents (e.g., phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid) can cause direct injury to tissue upon exposure, which might lead to the following signs and symptoms: oral pain, ulcerations, drooling, dysphagia, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Dermal and ocular exposure might result in local irritation or burn injury. Inhalation of corrosive gases or aspiration of agent might result in upper and lower respiratory irritation, leading to stridor, dyspnea, wheezing, and pulmonary edema

• Nerve poisoning

Nerve agents are chemicals that affect the nervous system.

 nerve agents can cause the following characteristic effects:

• pinpoint pupils of the eye
• excessive production of mucous, tears, saliva and sweat
• headache
• stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
• chest tightness and shortness of breath
• loss of bladder and bowel control
• muscle twitching
• seizures
• coma
• death

 

27. Describe how each of the following bone injury can occur
    1. Open fracture

• Put the  broken part between two pieces of wood and then tie them up to  align the displaced bones
• Make the victim lie down comfortably
• Clean the wound with antiseptic
• Give painkillers  
• Avoid touching,   or squeezing the broken  part
• Dispose the victim to the hospital  
  1. Dislocation
• Make the victim lie down comfortably
• Place a cold pad on the injured limb to ease the pain
• Give painkillers  
• Avoid touching  or squeezing the affected part and dispose the victim to the hospital  

28. Describe the first aid for a victim of a fracture bone.
    • Put the  broken part between two pieces of wood and then tie them up to  align the displaced bones
    • Make the victim lie down comfortably
    • Give painkillers  
    • Avoid touching  or squeezing the broken  part and dispose the victim to the hospital  
29. List symptoms of a simple fracture

• A visibly out-of-place or misshapen limb or joint.
• Swelling, bruising, or bleeding.
• Intense pain.
• Numbness and tingling.
• Broken skin with bone protruding.
• Limited mobility or inability to move a limb or put weight on the leg.

30. Outline the procedure for bandaging an elbow

• Pass the bandage to the inner side of the limb just above the joint.
• Make a turn around the limb so the upper half of the bandage is covered. Pass the bandage from the inner side of the upper part of the limb to just below the joint.
• Then make one diagonal turn below the joint to cover the lower half of the bandage.

31. Outline first aid for arsenic poisoning

Immediately remove the patient/victim from the source of exposure. Immediately wash eyes with large amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation is severe or persists, prolonged irrigation is advised. Seek medical attention immediately.

32. Describe the removal of foreign particles in the eyes.

• Never rub the eyes as they can cause further injuries to the eyes instead use moisten linen or camel hairbrush or feathers to remove it.
• The movement of the brush should be towards the corner of the eye, which allows the particle to be removed easily.
• If the eyes are damaged by direct thermal heat or hot metal, a few drops of castor oil should be put in the eye.
• In case of small metal, liquid, or gaseous substance, irrigate with plenty of water.
• Also in case of liquid and gaseous substances, irrigate with plenty of water

33. State any four causes of fainting
    • prolonged period standing causing insufficient blood circulation
    • unidentified health condition
    • profuse loss of blood
    • suffocation due to low oxygen supply in the environment
34. Describe the first aid administration to a victim of fainting.
    • Laying the victim with his head lower than the trunk and legs
    • Reassuring the victim
    • Covering the patient in warm covering and giving something warm to during
    • Dispose to hospital or to bed to have rest
35. A victim of accident showed the following symptoms
    • Shallow breathing
    • Weak, short, and rapid pulse
    • Cold sweat
    • Nausea
    • Sweating
36. Identify this condition

The condition is shock

1. Describe how the above victim can be assisted

• Keep the victim lying down and with his head lower than the trunk,
• Ensure his airways should be open.
• Reassure the victim ,
• Give him tea or coffee if the victim is able to swallow.
• Rush him to the hospital or let him have rest

36. Explain the term ‘Shock”

Shock is a condition of severe depression of vital organs of the body associated with poor blood circulation to the tissues. It normally accompany severe injuries or emotional upset, it may result from poisonous   chemicals or   food, pain, excessive bleeding, stroke, heart attack etc.

1. Give Signs of shock

Signs of shock include cold or clumsy skin, pale face, rapid or slow pulse rate, chilled feelings, and feelings of nausea or vomiting and shallow breathing.

1. Explain effects and treatment for shock

Shock can kill and it is therefore necessary to save life by preventing shock though correcting the causes for that particular shock as much as possible.

• It is advisable to keep the victim lying down   and warm with his head lower than the trunk, his airways should be open.
• Reassure the victim, and give him tea or coffee if the victim is able to swallow.
• then rush him to the hospital or let him have rest

37. State five symptoms  shown by a person affected by electric shock

Potential symptoms of an electric shock include:

• loss of consciousness
• muscle spasms
• numbness or tingling
• breathing problems
• headache
• problems with vision or hearing
• burns
• seizures
• irregular heartbeat

38. Describe the first aid procedures administered to a person affected by electric shock

• Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. …
• Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing or movement.
• Try to prevent the injured person from becoming chilled.
• Apply a bandage.

39. State four causes of fainting in the laboratory

Common causes of fainting include heat, pain, distress, the sight of blood, anxiety and hyperventilating. Lying the person down will often improve the person’s condition.

40. Describe the emergency treatment for chemical eye injury

Irrigate with plenty of water while causing the water to drain away and not into the other unaffected eye. Add a few drops of castor oil.

41. Outline the first aid treatment for the following
    1. A victim of gas poisoning
       • Expose the poisoned victim to fresh air
       • Administer artificial respiration immediately if breathing has stopped
       • Keep the victim warm and calm
       • Dispose to hospital if condition becomes worse
    2. A student who have swallowed about 5cm³of bench nitric acid

Do not give an emetic but first give plenty of water then an antidote, next give milk or an egg albumen in cold water then dilute NaHCO₃ , keep the victim warm   and dispose him to hospital.

1. An alkali splash in the eye

Irrigate with plenty of water while causing the water to drain away and not into the other unaffected eye. Add a few drops of castor oil.

1. a person who has swallowed an insecticide

Give an emetic followed by 4g of tartaric acid in 50ml of water OR 60g of MgSO₄ in 50ml water and freshly prepare FeOH OR give white of egg or milk or cold water and finally give strong tea as a stimulant. ALTERNATIVELY, give universal antidote

42. States four signs and symptoms of chemical Eye burn

The symptoms of a chemical burn depend on the substance splashed into the eyes, but may include:

• stinging
• a burning sensation
• redness
• pain
• swelling of the eyelids
• blurry vision
• watery eyes.

43. Give four circumstantial that would warrant application of artificial respiration

 Such techniques, is applied in case of  drowning, choking, strangulation, suffocation, carbon monoxide poisoning, and electric shock.

44. Explain the use of each of the following  items in first aid box

• Castor oil

 

Castor oil can be used in certain first aid situations. Here are a few common first aid uses of castor oil:

• Skin Irritations: Castor oil can be applied topically to soothe and alleviate minor skin irritations, such as insect bites, rashes, or dry skin. It has moisturizing properties and can help reduce itching and inflammation.
• To use castor oil for skin irritations, clean the affected area with mild soap and water. Then, apply a small amount of castor oil directly to the irritated skin. Gently massage it in and allow it to absorb. Repeat as needed for relief.
• Minor Burns: Castor oil can also provide relief for minor burns, particularly those caused by heat or sun exposure. It helps moisturize the affected area and promote healing.
• For minor burns, run cool water over the burned area for a few minutes to cool the skin. Then, apply a thin layer of castor oil to the burn using a clean cloth or sterile gauze pad. Cover the burn with a non-stick dressing or bandage. Reapply the castor oil and change the dressing regularly until the burn heals.

 

• Constipation Relief: Castor oil is known for its laxative properties and can be used as a temporary remedy for constipation. It works by stimulating the intestines and promoting bowel movement.
• For constipation relief, it is important to follow the recommended dosage provided by a healthcare professional or as indicated on the castor oil product packaging. Typically, a small amount of castor oil (usually 1-2 tablespoons for adults) is ingested orally. It is best to consult a healthcare professional before using castor oil as a laxative, especially for prolonged or recurring constipation.

It is important to note that while castor oil has these potential first aid uses, it may not be suitable for everyone. Some individuals may be allergic or sensitive to castor oil, and it may interact with certain medications or medical conditions. It is always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before using castor oil for any first aid purposes.

• Universal antidote

The term “Universal Antidote” refers to a substance or medication that can potentially counteract or neutralize the effects of various types of poisons or toxins. However, it is essential to note that there is no single universal antidote that can treat all types of poisons or toxins. The specific antidote required depends on the type of poison or toxin involved.

In first aid situations involving poisoning, it is crucial to identify the specific substance or toxin involved and seek immediate medical assistance. Healthcare professionals and poison control centers are equipped with the knowledge and resources to determine the appropriate antidote or treatment based on the specific poison or toxin.

The use of a universal antidote is not recommended in first aid scenarios without proper professional guidance. It is vital to follow the instructions and advice of medical professionals or poison control centers to ensure the appropriate management of poisoning cases. Prompt medical attention and specific antidote administration, if required, are crucial for the best outcomes in poisoning situations.

• Milk of magnesia

Milk of magnesia, also known as magnesium hydroxide, can be used in certain first aid situations. Here are a few common uses of milk of magnesia in first aid:

• Relief of Acid Indigestion or Heartburn: Milk of magnesia can be used to alleviate symptoms of acid indigestion or heartburn. It works as an antacid by neutralizing excess stomach acid, providing temporary relief from discomfort. To use milk of magnesia for acid indigestion or heartburn, shake the bottle well before use. Take the recommended dosage as directed on the packaging or as advised by a healthcare professional. It is typically taken orally, and the effects are usually felt within 30 minutes to an hour. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and not exceed the recommended frequency of use.
• Treatment of Minor Cuts or Abrasions: Milk of magnesia can be used topically to clean and disinfect minor cuts or abrasions. It has mild antiseptic properties that can help prevent infection and promote healing. To use milk of magnesia for minor cuts or abrasions, clean the affected area with mild soap and water. Apply a small amount of milk of magnesia directly to the wound using a clean cotton swab or sterile gauze pad. Allow it to dry and form a protective layer. Cover the wound with a clean dressing or bandage if needed. Repeat the application as necessary until the wound heals.
• Soothing Sunburns or Skin Irritation: Milk of magnesia can also provide relief for sunburns or skin irritations. It has a cooling effect on the skin and can help reduce inflammation and discomfort. To use milk of magnesia for sunburns or skin irritations, apply a thin layer of milk of magnesia to the affected area using a clean cloth or cotton ball. Gently massage it into the skin and allow it to dry. Repeat the application as needed for relief.

It is important to note that while milk of magnesia has these potential first aid uses, it may not be suitable for everyone or for all types of injuries or conditions. It is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or pharmacist for guidance on the appropriate use of milk of magnesia in specific first aid situations.

• Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal can be used in first aid for certain situations involving poisoning or drug overdose. Here are a few common uses of activated charcoal in first aid:

• Poisoning: Activated charcoal is often used in cases of poisoning to prevent the absorption of toxins or drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. It works by adsorbing (binding to) the toxic substances, preventing their further absorption into the bloodstream. To use activated charcoal for poisoning, it is important to seek immediate medical assistance. Medical professionals will determine the appropriate dosage and administration method based on the specific situation. Activated charcoal is typically given orally as a slurry or mixed with water. It should be administered under medical supervision, as the dosage and timing are critical factors.
• Drug Overdose: Activated charcoal can be used as part of the treatment for drug overdoses. It is most effective when given soon after the ingestion of the drug, as it can help prevent the absorption and circulation of the drug in the body. Similar to poisoning cases, the use of activated charcoal in drug overdoses should be done under medical supervision. The specific dosage and administration method will be determined by healthcare professionals based on the drug involved, the amount ingested, and other factors.

It is important to note that activated charcoal is not effective for all types of poisoning or drug overdoses. Some substances, such as corrosive chemicals, certain metals, or certain medications, may not be effectively adsorbed by activated charcoal. Additionally, activated charcoal is not a substitute for seeking immediate medical assistance in poisoning or drug overdose cases.

Always consult with medical professionals or poison control centers for guidance in cases of poisoning or drug overdose before administering activated charcoal or any other treatments. Prompt medical attention is crucial for appropriate management and care.

 

45. Identify any ten components of a first aid kit.

First aid kit contains prescribed medical appliances like. first aid manuals, bandages, cotton wool, plasters , various antidotes , emetics, laxatives  and demulcents ,pain killers , thermometers , forceps  ,safety pins etc.

46. State the use of the following first aid tools

• Adhessive tape
• Tweezer

47. What is the importance of first aid training to laboratory technicians?

• To enhance skills that will enable:
• Knowing what to do in case of an accident or emergency
• Enable prevention of  the conditions from becoming worse  while still waiting  for professional medical assistance,
• Promote recovery of the affected victim
• To   sustain life of the victim

48. Describe what can be done in case of the following
    1. Staff sustains a snakebite

• Help the casualty to lie down with head and shoulders raised.
• Try cleaning the wound with an antiseptic
• Reassure the casualty and advise her not to move the bitten limb to prevent the venom from spreading
• Wrap or tie a bandage around the bitten leg. the bandage should be loose enough to allow blood circulation
• Immediate dispose the victim to hospital
  1. Staff is exposed to about 60 – 70% dose of nuclear radiation.

Relieve the staff immediately from duty and ask him to seek medical advice or screening.

49. State what should be done when:
    • A colleague sustains a deep glass cut in the hands and starts bleeding profusely

• Try to stop bleeding and treat for shock
• Clean the wound with antiseptic
• Raise the bleeding part at least higher than the rest of the body
• Apply bandage

50. A piece of sodium metal falls on your bare hand when you are cutting and it starts burning

• Rinse in plenty of water
• Wash with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃,

51. Explain why it is unsafe to pour inflammable solvents down the sink.

Risk of having the solvents vaporizing in the drainage system   and returning back into the lab through sink. This may pose a fire risk

52. State any four faults on electric plug that require checking in order to avoid accidents.

• Lose or faulty connections on electric plugs
• Hanging or lose naked wires protruding from electric plugs
• Water points near to electric plug
• Improper color coding on electric plugs

53. Describe  the handling of broken glassware

• Broken glass that is not contaminated with chemicals, infectious agents, or other hazardous materials can be collected in either approved broken glass boxes or gallon buckets with lids.
• Always pick up broken glass using a brush and dustpan, tongs or forceps and place into a container specifically designated for broken glass disposal, to minimize the risk for injury.   Broken glass should never be handled directly and should never be placed into the regular trash.

54. Outline the first aid treatment on minor burns

• Relieving the pain by dipping the affected area in cold water  
• Excluding air and infections due to air by covering the affected part with clean cloth.
• Treatment for shock,