Course Content
Introduction to Environmental Chemistry
Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in nature. It involves the understanding of how the uncontaminated environment works, and which naturally occurring chemicals are present, in what concentrations and with what effects. Environmental chemistry; is the study of sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of chemical species in water, soil and air environment as well as their effects on human health and natural environment
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Introduction
Origin of the solar System
Cosmology; is the branch of astronomy involving the study of the of the universe and the solar system. Cosmo-chemistry ;( chemical cosmology); is the study of chemical composition of the matter in the universe and the process that led to those compositions The solar system is made up of the sun (a star) with nine planets orbiting around it. These planets together with all the other heavenly bodies moving around or between individual planet form members of the solar system. Other heavenly body include; asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites and satellites such as moon. The solar system does not include other stars .
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Origin of The Universe and Solar System
Solutions
Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures that are mixed so thoroughly that neither component can be observed independently of the other. The major component of the solution is called solvent, and the minor component(s) are called solute.
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Introduction
Solubility of Solutions
Solubility Product
Solution Concentrations
Chemical Equilibria
Chemical equilibrium in the environment refers to the state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions of a chemical reaction reach a balance. In this state, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time, although the reactions continue to occur.
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Introduction
The Concept of Equilibrium
Relation Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
Laws of Chemical Equilibria
Phase Interactions
Phase interactions in solutions refer to the behavior and changes that occur when two or more substances (solutes and solvents) mix together to form a homogeneous mixture. These interactions are related to the different phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases, and how they interact and transform during the process of solution formation.
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Introduction
 Phase interactions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles, rather than the specific identity of the solute. The four colligative properties that can be exhibited by a solution are: 1.Boiling point elevation 2.Freezing point depression 3.Relative lowering of vapour pressure 4.Osmotic pressure
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Introduction
Colligative Properties Examples
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds and their properties. This includes the great majority of chemical compounds on the planet, but some substances such as carbonates and oxides of carbon are considered to be inorganic substances even though they contain carbon.
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Introduction
The IUPAC Naming (nomenclature) 
Alkyl halides, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alcohols , Ethers, Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amines
Simple Organic Molecules in the Environment
Soil Chemistry and Pollution
soil
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Chemical Characteristics of Soil
Biological Characteristics of Soil
Physical Characteristics of Soil
Soil Salinity, Conductivity and Ion Exchange Capacity
Soil Pollution
Water Chemistry and Polution
Water Chemistry
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Water and the Environment
Water Chemistry
Characteristics and Properties of Water
Portable water 
Water pollution
Water Quality Analysis
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Air Quality and Pollution
Air Quality and Pollution
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Air Quality
Testing Air Quality
Biodegradation
Biodegradation
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Biodegradation
Mechanisms of Biodegradation 
Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation
BioGeoChemical Cycles
BiogeoChemical Cycles
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Biogeochemical cycles
The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Sulfur Cycle
Introduction To Environmental Chemistry
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Water Quality Analysis

Testing water quality is an important process to ensure the safety and suitability of water for various purposes, including drinking, agriculture, industry, and recreational activities. Water quality testing involves assessing various parameters and characteristics of water to identify any potential contaminants or deviations from desired standards. Here are some common tests conducted for water quality assessment:

  1. Physical Parameters:

    • Temperature: Measures the water’s temperature, which can affect its suitability for certain organisms or uses.
    • Turbidity: Determines the level of suspended particles or clarity of the water.
    • Color: Evaluates the color of the water, which can indicate the presence of certain substances or contaminants.

  2. Chemical Parameters:

    • pH: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of water, which affects its chemical reactions and suitability for different purposes.
    • Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Determines the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water, which is crucial for aquatic life.
    • Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Measures the concentration of inorganic salts, minerals, and other dissolved substances.
    • Chlorine: Evaluates the level of chlorine, a common disinfectant used in water treatment.
    • Heavy Metals: Tests for the presence of toxic heavy metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others.
    • Nutrients: Assesses the levels of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can cause water pollution and promote algal blooms.
    • Pesticides and Herbicides: Detects the presence of agricultural chemicals used for pest control.

  3. Microbiological Parameters:

    • Total Coliform and E. coli: Determines the presence of coliform bacteria and E. coli, which indicate fecal contamination.
    • Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC): Measures the number of viable bacteria in the water, providing an overall indicator of microbial quality.
    • Presence of Pathogens: Specific tests may be conducted to detect the presence of waterborne pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

  4. Radiological Parameters:

    • Radioactive Elements: Tests for the presence of radioactive substances such as radon, uranium, and radium.

Water quality testing can be conducted by various entities, including government agencies, laboratories, and specialized water testing companies. Sampling methods, frequency, and the specific parameters tested may vary depending on local regulations, intended use of water, and specific concerns in the area.

Regular water quality testing helps to identify any contamination or deviations from desired standards, allowing appropriate measures to be taken to ensure water safety and quality. It is an essential component of water management and public health initiatives.

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