Course Content
Introduction to Environmental Chemistry
Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in nature. It involves the understanding of how the uncontaminated environment works, and which naturally occurring chemicals are present, in what concentrations and with what effects. Environmental chemistry; is the study of sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of chemical species in water, soil and air environment as well as their effects on human health and natural environment
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Introduction
Origin of the solar System
Cosmology; is the branch of astronomy involving the study of the of the universe and the solar system. Cosmo-chemistry ;( chemical cosmology); is the study of chemical composition of the matter in the universe and the process that led to those compositions The solar system is made up of the sun (a star) with nine planets orbiting around it. These planets together with all the other heavenly bodies moving around or between individual planet form members of the solar system. Other heavenly body include; asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites and satellites such as moon. The solar system does not include other stars .
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Origin of The Universe and Solar System
Solutions
Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures that are mixed so thoroughly that neither component can be observed independently of the other. The major component of the solution is called solvent, and the minor component(s) are called solute.
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Introduction
Solubility of Solutions
Solubility Product
Solution Concentrations
Chemical Equilibria
Chemical equilibrium in the environment refers to the state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions of a chemical reaction reach a balance. In this state, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time, although the reactions continue to occur.
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Introduction
The Concept of Equilibrium
Relation Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
Laws of Chemical Equilibria
Phase Interactions
Phase interactions in solutions refer to the behavior and changes that occur when two or more substances (solutes and solvents) mix together to form a homogeneous mixture. These interactions are related to the different phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases, and how they interact and transform during the process of solution formation.
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Introduction
 Phase interactions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles, rather than the specific identity of the solute. The four colligative properties that can be exhibited by a solution are: 1.Boiling point elevation 2.Freezing point depression 3.Relative lowering of vapour pressure 4.Osmotic pressure
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Introduction
Colligative Properties Examples
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds and their properties. This includes the great majority of chemical compounds on the planet, but some substances such as carbonates and oxides of carbon are considered to be inorganic substances even though they contain carbon.
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Introduction
The IUPAC Naming (nomenclature) 
Alkyl halides, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alcohols , Ethers, Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amines
Simple Organic Molecules in the Environment
Soil Chemistry and Pollution
soil
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Chemical Characteristics of Soil
Biological Characteristics of Soil
Physical Characteristics of Soil
Soil Salinity, Conductivity and Ion Exchange Capacity
Soil Pollution
Water Chemistry and Polution
Water Chemistry
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Water and the Environment
Water Chemistry
Characteristics and Properties of Water
Portable water 
Water pollution
Water Quality Analysis
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Air Quality and Pollution
Air Quality and Pollution
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Air Quality
Testing Air Quality
Biodegradation
Biodegradation
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Biodegradation
Mechanisms of Biodegradation 
Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation
BioGeoChemical Cycles
BiogeoChemical Cycles
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Biogeochemical cycles
The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Sulfur Cycle
Introduction To Environmental Chemistry
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Water Chemistry

Water chemistry refers to the study of the chemical composition and properties of water. It involves analyzing the various chemical substances present in water, understanding their interactions, and assessing their impact on water quality and suitability for various purposes.

Water, whether from natural sources like rivers, lakes, and groundwater, or treated for drinking water supply, can contain a wide range of chemical constituents. Some key aspects of water chemistry include:

  1. pH: pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water. It indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. pH values below 7 indicate acidity, while values above 7 indicate alkalinity.

  2. Dissolved Oxygen (DO): DO refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, which is vital for the survival of aquatic organisms. It is influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of plants or algae.

  3. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): TDS measures the total concentration of dissolved substances in water. It includes minerals, salts, metals, and other chemical compounds. High TDS levels can affect the taste, odor, and suitability of water for various uses.

TDS may comprise of:

(a) Major Ions present in water, such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), and carbonate (CO32-). These ions play important roles in water quality, nutrient availability, and the formation of scale or corrosive properties.

(b) Trace Elements , these  are elements present in water in very small concentrations but can have significant impacts on water quality and human health. Examples of trace elements include heavy metals like lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. Their presence in water can be naturally occurring or the result of human activities.

4. Nutrients: Nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), are essential for plant growth and are important in aquatic ecosystems. However, excessive nutrient levels, particularly from agricultural runoff or wastewater discharges, can lead to eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and degraded water quality.

Water chemistry analysis involves collecting water samples and subjecting them to laboratory tests or on-site measurements. Various instruments and techniques, including spectrophotometry, ion chromatography, titration, and electrochemical methods, are used to analyze different parameters and constituents in water.

Understanding water chemistry is crucial for water resource management, water treatment processes, environmental monitoring, and ensuring the safety and quality of water for various uses. By monitoring and analyzing water chemistry parameters, it is possible to identify potential issues, implement appropriate treatment measures, and protect water resources and ecosystems.

5. Hardness: Water hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water. It can affect the performance of soaps and detergents, cause scale formation in pipes and appliances, and impact the taste of water.

6. Nutrients: Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are essential for aquatic plant growth. However, excessive nutrient levels, often due to agricultural runoff or wastewater discharges, can cause eutrophication, leading to algal blooms and oxygen depletion.

Water chemistry analysis involves collecting water samples and subjecting them to laboratory tests or on-site measurements. Various instruments and techniques, including spectrophotometry, ion chromatography, titration, and electrochemical methods, are used to analyze different parameters and constituents in water.

Understanding water chemistry is crucial for water resource management, water treatment processes, environmental monitoring, and ensuring the safety and quality of water for various uses. By monitoring and analyzing water chemistry parameters, it is possible to identify potential issues, implement appropriate treatment measures, and protect water resources and ecosystems.

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