Course Content
Introduction to Environmental Chemistry
Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in nature. It involves the understanding of how the uncontaminated environment works, and which naturally occurring chemicals are present, in what concentrations and with what effects. Environmental chemistry; is the study of sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of chemical species in water, soil and air environment as well as their effects on human health and natural environment
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Introduction
Origin of the solar System
Cosmology; is the branch of astronomy involving the study of the of the universe and the solar system. Cosmo-chemistry ;( chemical cosmology); is the study of chemical composition of the matter in the universe and the process that led to those compositions The solar system is made up of the sun (a star) with nine planets orbiting around it. These planets together with all the other heavenly bodies moving around or between individual planet form members of the solar system. Other heavenly body include; asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites and satellites such as moon. The solar system does not include other stars .
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Origin of The Universe and Solar System
Solutions
Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures that are mixed so thoroughly that neither component can be observed independently of the other. The major component of the solution is called solvent, and the minor component(s) are called solute.
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Introduction
Solubility of Solutions
Solubility Product
Solution Concentrations
Chemical Equilibria
Chemical equilibrium in the environment refers to the state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions of a chemical reaction reach a balance. In this state, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time, although the reactions continue to occur.
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Introduction
The Concept of Equilibrium
Relation Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
Laws of Chemical Equilibria
Phase Interactions
Phase interactions in solutions refer to the behavior and changes that occur when two or more substances (solutes and solvents) mix together to form a homogeneous mixture. These interactions are related to the different phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases, and how they interact and transform during the process of solution formation.
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Introduction
 Phase interactions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles, rather than the specific identity of the solute. The four colligative properties that can be exhibited by a solution are: 1.Boiling point elevation 2.Freezing point depression 3.Relative lowering of vapour pressure 4.Osmotic pressure
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Introduction
Colligative Properties Examples
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds and their properties. This includes the great majority of chemical compounds on the planet, but some substances such as carbonates and oxides of carbon are considered to be inorganic substances even though they contain carbon.
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Introduction
The IUPAC Naming (nomenclature) 
Alkyl halides, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alcohols , Ethers, Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amines
Simple Organic Molecules in the Environment
Soil Chemistry and Pollution
soil
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Chemical Characteristics of Soil
Biological Characteristics of Soil
Physical Characteristics of Soil
Soil Salinity, Conductivity and Ion Exchange Capacity
Soil Pollution
Water Chemistry and Polution
Water Chemistry
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Water and the Environment
Water Chemistry
Characteristics and Properties of Water
Portable water 
Water pollution
Water Quality Analysis
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Air Quality and Pollution
Air Quality and Pollution
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Air Quality
Testing Air Quality
Biodegradation
Biodegradation
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Biodegradation
Mechanisms of Biodegradation 
Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation
BioGeoChemical Cycles
BiogeoChemical Cycles
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Biogeochemical cycles
The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Sulfur Cycle
Introduction To Environmental Chemistry
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Water and the Environment

Water and the environment are closely interconnected, with water playing a vital role in sustaining various ecosystems, supporting biodiversity, and influencing environmental processes. Here are some key aspects of the relationship between water and the environment:

  1. Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Water is essential for the existence and functioning of ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems, such as rivers, lakes, wetlands, and oceans, provide habitats for a diverse range of plant and animal species. These ecosystems support food chains, provide breeding grounds, and contribute to the overall biodiversity of the planet.

  2. Water Cycle: The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is a fundamental environmental process. It involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and bodies of water through processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. The water cycle helps regulate temperature, distribute rainfall, and maintain water availability for ecosystems and human needs.

  3. Surface Water and Groundwater: Surface water bodies, including rivers, streams, and lakes, interact with the surrounding environment. They contribute to water supply, irrigation, and recreational activities. Groundwater, stored beneath the Earth’s surface in aquifers, supports vegetation, sustains wetlands, and provides a source of drinking water for many communities.

  4. Water Quality: The quality of water has a direct impact on environmental health. Contamination of water bodies due to industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, improper waste disposal, or other human activities can harm aquatic life, degrade ecosystems, and pose risks to human health. Protecting and improving water quality is crucial for maintaining a healthy environment.

  5. Climate Change: Climate change affects the water cycle and has profound environmental implications. Rising temperatures can lead to increased evaporation, altered precipitation patterns, and changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like droughts and floods. These changes can impact water availability, ecosystem dynamics, and the overall balance of natural systems.

  6. Wetlands and Riparian Zones: Wetlands, including marshes, swamps, and bogs, are ecologically important areas that provide unique habitats for diverse species, act as natural filters, and help control flooding. Riparian zones, found along the banks of rivers and streams, are critical for maintaining water quality, stabilizing riverbanks, and supporting diverse plant and animal communities.

  7. Conservation and Sustainability: Protecting water resources and promoting sustainable water management practices are crucial for environmental conservation. This includes reducing water pollution, conserving water through efficient use, restoring degraded ecosystems, and promoting the sustainable use of water resources to ensure their availability for future generations.

Understanding the interplay between water and the environment is essential for promoting environmental sustainability, protecting biodiversity, mitigating climate change impacts, and ensuring the long-term health of ecosystems and human populations. Integrated approaches that consider both the ecological and socio-economic aspects of water management are necessary for achieving a harmonious balance between water and the environment.

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