Course Content
Introduction to Environmental Chemistry
Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in nature. It involves the understanding of how the uncontaminated environment works, and which naturally occurring chemicals are present, in what concentrations and with what effects. Environmental chemistry; is the study of sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of chemical species in water, soil and air environment as well as their effects on human health and natural environment
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Introduction
Origin of the solar System
Cosmology; is the branch of astronomy involving the study of the of the universe and the solar system. Cosmo-chemistry ;( chemical cosmology); is the study of chemical composition of the matter in the universe and the process that led to those compositions The solar system is made up of the sun (a star) with nine planets orbiting around it. These planets together with all the other heavenly bodies moving around or between individual planet form members of the solar system. Other heavenly body include; asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites and satellites such as moon. The solar system does not include other stars .
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Origin of The Universe and Solar System
Solutions
Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures that are mixed so thoroughly that neither component can be observed independently of the other. The major component of the solution is called solvent, and the minor component(s) are called solute.
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Introduction
Solubility of Solutions
Solubility Product
Solution Concentrations
Chemical Equilibria
Chemical equilibrium in the environment refers to the state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions of a chemical reaction reach a balance. In this state, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time, although the reactions continue to occur.
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Introduction
The Concept of Equilibrium
Relation Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
Laws of Chemical Equilibria
Phase Interactions
Phase interactions in solutions refer to the behavior and changes that occur when two or more substances (solutes and solvents) mix together to form a homogeneous mixture. These interactions are related to the different phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases, and how they interact and transform during the process of solution formation.
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Introduction
 Phase interactions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles, rather than the specific identity of the solute. The four colligative properties that can be exhibited by a solution are: 1.Boiling point elevation 2.Freezing point depression 3.Relative lowering of vapour pressure 4.Osmotic pressure
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Introduction
Colligative Properties Examples
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds and their properties. This includes the great majority of chemical compounds on the planet, but some substances such as carbonates and oxides of carbon are considered to be inorganic substances even though they contain carbon.
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Introduction
The IUPAC Naming (nomenclature) 
Alkyl halides, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alcohols , Ethers, Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amines
Simple Organic Molecules in the Environment
Soil Chemistry and Pollution
soil
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Chemical Characteristics of Soil
Biological Characteristics of Soil
Physical Characteristics of Soil
Soil Salinity, Conductivity and Ion Exchange Capacity
Soil Pollution
Water Chemistry and Polution
Water Chemistry
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Water and the Environment
Water Chemistry
Characteristics and Properties of Water
Portable water 
Water pollution
Water Quality Analysis
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Air Quality and Pollution
Air Quality and Pollution
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Air Quality
Testing Air Quality
Biodegradation
Biodegradation
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Biodegradation
Mechanisms of Biodegradation 
Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation
BioGeoChemical Cycles
BiogeoChemical Cycles
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Biogeochemical cycles
The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Sulfur Cycle
Introduction To Environmental Chemistry
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Qualities of Portable water 

Portable water, also known as drinking water or potable water, is water that is safe and suitable for human consumption. It is essential for hydration, cooking, and maintaining personal hygiene. Here are some key aspects of portable water:

  1. Safety: Portable water should be free from harmful contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, chemicals, heavy metals, and pollutants. It should undergo regular testing and meet the quality standards and guidelines established by regulatory authorities.

  2. Purification: Portable water may be obtained from various sources such as groundwater, surface water, or treated municipal water supplies. It often goes through a purification process to remove impurities and ensure its safety. Common methods of purification include filtration, disinfection (using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light), and reverse osmosis.

  3. Clarity and Color: Portable water should have a clear and transparent appearance. It should not contain suspended particles or turbidity that affects its visual quality. Additionally, it should not have an unusual color, as it may indicate the presence of contaminants.

  4. Portable water should have a pleasant taste and odor. It should not have any off-putting or strong smell, and the taste should be fresh, clean, and without any unusual flavors. 
  5. Chemical Composition: Portable water should not contain excessive amounts of harmful chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, or industrial pollutants. It should adhere to permissible limits for substances like lead, arsenic, fluoride, nitrates, and other potentially harmful elements.
  6. pH Balance: The pH level of portable water should be within the acceptable range for human consumption, typically between 6.5 and 8.5. This ensures that the water is not too acidic or alkaline, which could affect its taste or potentially harm the body
  7. Dissolved Minerals: Portable water may contain essential minerals required for human health, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and trace elements. However, the mineral content should be within safe and acceptable levels, as excessive amounts can lead to health problems.
  8. Absence of Contaminants: Portable water should be free from contaminants like bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other harmful microorganisms. It should also be free from pollutants like industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and chemicals that can pose health risks.
  9. Source and Treatment: Portable water should come from a reliable and safe source, such as protected wells, springs, or treated municipal water supplies. The water should undergo appropriate treatment processes, such as filtration, disinfection (using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light), and other purification methods to ensure its safety.
  10. Packaging and Storage: When water is sold or transported in containers, the packaging should be clean, sealed, and free from any contaminants that could leach into the water. Additionally, proper storage conditions should be maintained to prevent bacterial growth or contamination.
  11. Compliance with Standards: Portable water should meet the legal and regulatory standards established by national or international bodies responsible for ensuring water quality. These standards are designed to protect public health and ensure the safety of drinking water.

      It is important to note that water quality can vary depending on geographical location, water sources, and local infrastructure. Regular monitoring, testing, and treatment are crucial to maintaining the quality of portable water throughout the distribution system.



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