Course Content
Introduction to Environmental Chemistry
Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in nature. It involves the understanding of how the uncontaminated environment works, and which naturally occurring chemicals are present, in what concentrations and with what effects. Environmental chemistry; is the study of sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of chemical species in water, soil and air environment as well as their effects on human health and natural environment
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Introduction
Origin of the solar System
Cosmology; is the branch of astronomy involving the study of the of the universe and the solar system. Cosmo-chemistry ;( chemical cosmology); is the study of chemical composition of the matter in the universe and the process that led to those compositions The solar system is made up of the sun (a star) with nine planets orbiting around it. These planets together with all the other heavenly bodies moving around or between individual planet form members of the solar system. Other heavenly body include; asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites and satellites such as moon. The solar system does not include other stars .
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Origin of The Universe and Solar System
Solutions
Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures that are mixed so thoroughly that neither component can be observed independently of the other. The major component of the solution is called solvent, and the minor component(s) are called solute.
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Introduction
Solubility of Solutions
Solubility Product
Solution Concentrations
Chemical Equilibria
Chemical equilibrium in the environment refers to the state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions of a chemical reaction reach a balance. In this state, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time, although the reactions continue to occur.
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Introduction
The Concept of Equilibrium
Relation Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
Laws of Chemical Equilibria
Phase Interactions
Phase interactions in solutions refer to the behavior and changes that occur when two or more substances (solutes and solvents) mix together to form a homogeneous mixture. These interactions are related to the different phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases, and how they interact and transform during the process of solution formation.
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Introduction
 Phase interactions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles, rather than the specific identity of the solute. The four colligative properties that can be exhibited by a solution are: 1.Boiling point elevation 2.Freezing point depression 3.Relative lowering of vapour pressure 4.Osmotic pressure
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Introduction
Colligative Properties Examples
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds and their properties. This includes the great majority of chemical compounds on the planet, but some substances such as carbonates and oxides of carbon are considered to be inorganic substances even though they contain carbon.
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Introduction
The IUPAC Naming (nomenclature) 
Alkyl halides, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alcohols , Ethers, Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amines
Simple Organic Molecules in the Environment
Soil Chemistry and Pollution
soil
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Chemical Characteristics of Soil
Biological Characteristics of Soil
Physical Characteristics of Soil
Soil Salinity, Conductivity and Ion Exchange Capacity
Soil Pollution
Water Chemistry and Polution
Water Chemistry
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Water and the Environment
Water Chemistry
Characteristics and Properties of Water
Portable water 
Water pollution
Water Quality Analysis
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Air Quality and Pollution
Air Quality and Pollution
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Air Quality
Testing Air Quality
Biodegradation
Biodegradation
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Biodegradation
Mechanisms of Biodegradation 
Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation
BioGeoChemical Cycles
BiogeoChemical Cycles
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Biogeochemical cycles
The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Sulfur Cycle
Introduction To Environmental Chemistry
About Lesson

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INTRODUCTION   TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in nature. It involves the understanding of how the uncontaminated environment works, and which naturally occurring chemicals are present, in what concentrations and with what effects. Environmental chemistry; is the study of sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of chemical species in water, soil and air environment as well as their effects on human health and natural environment

 

Significance of studying Environmental Chemistry

 Environmental chemistry is involved in :

Promotion of  environmental health standards and quality of life

Conservation of resources

Developing of non-polluting chemical recycling processes with zero loss

Monitoring pollution sources in the environment

Engaging and implementing government policies on environmental issues

Environmental chemistry is very important for predicting the fate of chemical reactions that natural compounds and artificial pollutants may undergo, understanding their interactions

It helps in predicting what happens to certain compounds if discharged in the environment and if organisms not come in contact with them

It is fundamental to know what are a biotic- transformations, the metabolic pathways or other biotic transformations carried out by micro-organisms that take place under environmental conditions (aerobic and anaerobic)

Reactions such as dissolution, hydrolysis, precipitation, photolysis, adsorption/desorption, ion-exchange, complexation, oxidation –reduction, biodegradation, polymerization and others takes place in the environment and may affect the solubility of pollutants and their mobility, speciation and toxicity. This in turn, can define the greatest extent the dispersion, bioavailability and risk associated with them

Environmental chemistry also provides data input for risk assessment and treatability studies and determines the required level of environmental quality or control needed in the system. All these factors are particularly important when making cost effective decisions about discharge treatments or risk management decisions or determining environmental impact mitigation measures

Environmental chemistry can be applied to treat wastes, and to prevent and reduce the impact of certain discharges into the environment. The basic knowledge is vital for understanding of processes such as water and waste water treatment, air pollution control and waste management

The Role of Environmental Chemistry in environmental science and technology

Modern technology has provided the means of alteration of the environment and pollution of the environment. However, technology involved with a strong environmental awareness also provide the means for dealing with the problem of environmental pollution and degradation

 Ways technology has contributed to environmental degradation 

Some of the major ways in which modern technology has contributed to environmental alteration and pollution are the following

:Agricultural practices that have resulted in intensive cultivation of land, drainage of wetlands, irrigation of arid lands, and application of herbicides and insecticides

Manufacturing of huge quantities of industrial products that consumes vast amounts of raw materials and produces large quantities of air pollutants, water pollutants, and hazardous waste by-products

Extraction and production of minerals and other raw materials with accompanying environmental disruption and pollution

Energy production and utilization with environmental effects that include disruption of soil by strip mining, pollution of water by release of salt- water from petroleum production, and emission of air pollutants such as acid-rain-forming sulphur-dioxide

Modern transportation practices, particularly reliance on the automobile, that cause scarring of land surfaces from road construction, emission of air pollutants, and greatly increased demands for fossil fuel resources

How Technology can be used to control or minimize environmental impacts

Use of state-of-the-art computerized control systems  to achieve maximum energy efficiency, maximum utilization of raw materials, and minimum production of pollutant by-products

Use of materials that minimize pollution problems, for example heat resistant materials that enable use of high temperatures for efficient thermal processes

Application of processes and materials that enable maximum materials recycling and minimum waste product production, for example, advanced membrane processes for wastewater treatment to enable water recycling

Application of advanced biotechnologies such as in the biological treatment of wastes

Use of best available catalysts for efficient synthesis

Use of lasers for precision machining and processing to minimize waste production

 

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