Course Content
Introduction to Environmental Chemistry
Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in nature. It involves the understanding of how the uncontaminated environment works, and which naturally occurring chemicals are present, in what concentrations and with what effects. Environmental chemistry; is the study of sources, reactions, transport, effects and fate of chemical species in water, soil and air environment as well as their effects on human health and natural environment
0/1
Introduction
Origin of the solar System
Cosmology; is the branch of astronomy involving the study of the of the universe and the solar system. Cosmo-chemistry ;( chemical cosmology); is the study of chemical composition of the matter in the universe and the process that led to those compositions The solar system is made up of the sun (a star) with nine planets orbiting around it. These planets together with all the other heavenly bodies moving around or between individual planet form members of the solar system. Other heavenly body include; asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites and satellites such as moon. The solar system does not include other stars .
0/1
Origin of The Universe and Solar System
Solutions
Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures that are mixed so thoroughly that neither component can be observed independently of the other. The major component of the solution is called solvent, and the minor component(s) are called solute.
0/4
Introduction
Solubility of Solutions
Solubility Product
Solution Concentrations
Chemical Equilibria
Chemical equilibrium in the environment refers to the state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions of a chemical reaction reach a balance. In this state, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time, although the reactions continue to occur.
0/5
Introduction
The Concept of Equilibrium
Relation Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
Laws of Chemical Equilibria
Phase Interactions
Phase interactions in solutions refer to the behavior and changes that occur when two or more substances (solutes and solvents) mix together to form a homogeneous mixture. These interactions are related to the different phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases, and how they interact and transform during the process of solution formation.
0/2
Introduction
 Phase interactions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles, rather than the specific identity of the solute. The four colligative properties that can be exhibited by a solution are: 1.Boiling point elevation 2.Freezing point depression 3.Relative lowering of vapour pressure 4.Osmotic pressure
0/2
Introduction
Colligative Properties Examples
Introduction To Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds and their properties. This includes the great majority of chemical compounds on the planet, but some substances such as carbonates and oxides of carbon are considered to be inorganic substances even though they contain carbon.
0/6
Introduction
The IUPAC Naming (nomenclature) 
Alkyl halides, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alcohols , Ethers, Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amines
Simple Organic Molecules in the Environment
Soil Chemistry and Pollution
soil
0/6
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Chemical Characteristics of Soil
Biological Characteristics of Soil
Physical Characteristics of Soil
Soil Salinity, Conductivity and Ion Exchange Capacity
Soil Pollution
Water Chemistry and Polution
Water Chemistry
0/8
Water and the Environment
Water Chemistry
Characteristics and Properties of Water
Portable water 
Water pollution
Water Quality Analysis
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Air Quality and Pollution
Air Quality and Pollution
0/2
Air Quality
Testing Air Quality
Biodegradation
Biodegradation
0/3
Biodegradation
Mechanisms of Biodegradation 
Role of Microorganisms in Biodegradation
BioGeoChemical Cycles
BiogeoChemical Cycles
0/6
Biogeochemical cycles
The Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Sulfur Cycle
Introduction To Environmental Chemistry
About Lesson

Views: 1

Biological Characteristics of Soil

The biological characteristics of soil refer to the living organisms and processes that occur within the soil environment. Soil is teeming with a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, nematodes, earthworms, insects, and plant roots. These organisms interact with each other and with the soil environment, playing crucial roles in soil fertility, nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and overall ecosystem functioning. Here are some important biological characteristics of soil:

  1. Soil Microorganisms: Microorganisms are abundant in soil and play essential roles in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are the primary soil microorganisms. They are involved in processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decomposition of organic matter, and the release of nutrients for plant uptake.

  2. Soil Fauna: Soil fauna includes larger organisms such as earthworms, nematodes, mites, springtails, beetles, and ants. These organisms contribute to soil structure development, nutrient cycling, and organic matter breakdown. For example, earthworms enhance soil aeration, nutrient availability, and the formation of stable aggregates.

  3. Plant Roots: Plant roots are a vital component of soil biology. They interact with soil microorganisms, forming symbiotic relationships such as mycorrhizal associations. Mycorrhizal fungi form mutually beneficial associations with plant roots, aiding in nutrient uptake, water absorption, and disease resistance.

  4. Decomposition and Organic Matter: Soil organisms are involved in the decomposition of organic matter, breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler forms. They release nutrients during this process, making them available for plant uptake. The rate of decomposition and nutrient release depends on the activity of soil microorganisms and other decomposer organisms.

  5. Nutrient Cycling: Soil organisms play a significant role in nutrient cycling within the soil ecosystem. They decompose organic matter, releasing nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium back into the soil. Nutrient cycling involves processes like mineralization, immobilization, and transformation, all driven by biological activity.

  6. Soil Food Web: Soil organisms are interconnected through a complex food web. They feed on organic matter, each other, and plant root exudates. Predatory organisms control the populations of other organisms, maintaining balance within the soil ecosystem. The soil food web enhances nutrient cycling and contributes to soil fertility.

  7. Soil Aggregation: Soil organisms, particularly earthworms and fungal hyphae, play a role in the formation of soil aggregates. Aggregates improve soil structure, water infiltration, and root penetration. They create pore spaces that allow air and water movement and provide habitats for soil organisms.

  8. Disease Suppression: Some soil microorganisms have beneficial effects on plant health by suppressing soil-borne pathogens. They can compete with pathogens for resources or produce compounds that inhibit their growth. These beneficial interactions contribute to disease suppression and plant protection.

Understanding the biological characteristics of soil is crucial for sustainable land management, soil fertility enhancement, and ecosystem sustainability. Practices such as organic farming, crop rotation, cover cropping, and the use of microbial inoculants aim to promote beneficial soil biology and harness its potential for improved agricultural productivity and environmental stewardship.

Join the conversation
Previous
Next

You cannot copy content of this page